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Children and COVID-19 Research Library

UNICEF Innocenti's curated library of COVID-19 + Children research

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Journal article

A cohort study examining the association between children's symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity, internalizing symptoms, and mindful parenting during the COVID-19 pandemic

AUTHOR(S)
Hannah O’Reilly; Maria Rogers; Julia Ogg (et al.)

Published: May 2022 Journal: Paediatrics & Child Health

Increased mental health difficulties have been reported in Canadian children as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and emerging research suggests that children with high levels of symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity have been disproportionately impacted. Accordingly, the pandemic has impacted families as well. The purpose of this study was the following: (1) to examine whether children’s symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity at the beginning of the 2020 and 2021 academic year were associated with mindful parenting at the end of the academic year and (2) to examine whether children’s depressive and anxiety symptoms at the end of the year moderated this relationship.

Journal article

Primary care diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-age children: trends and disparities during the COVID-19 pandemic

AUTHOR(S)
Yair Bannett; Alex Dahlen; Lynne Huffman (et al.)

Published: May 2022 Journal: Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics.

The aim of this study was to assess rates of primary care provider (PCP) diagnosis and treatment of school-age children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with prepandemic years and to investigate disparities in care. It retrospectively analyzed electronic health records from all primary care visits (in-person and telehealth) of children aged 6 to 17 years seen between January 2016 and March 2021 in a community-based primary health care network (n = 77,298 patients).

Journal article

Public mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: impacts on children's rights

AUTHOR(S)
A. MacLachlan; C. McMellon; J. Inchley

Published: May 2022 Journal: The International Journal of Human Rights

Restrictions on social and economic activities imposed by governments around the world in response to COVID-19, including the closure of schools and childcare facilities, have had a detrimental impact on children's mental health and wellbeing. Initial responses to support mental health during the pandemic have largely focussed on immediate support and crisis management. However, as governments plan for recovery from the pandemic it is important to focus on the wider determinants of children's mental health including their relationships and the environments and societies in which they live in order to prevent a future global mental health crisis. This narrative review draws on the Independent Children's Rights Impact Assessment on the response to COVID-19 in Scotland to evaluate how the measures implemented by the Scottish Government have impacted on children's rights related to the wider determinants of mental health. The review reflects on the indivisibility of both children's rights and the different aspects of children's lives, particularly when considering issues such as mental health. Using the Scottish context as an exemplar, it highlights the value of a rights-based framework for providing a holistic view that can inform preventative approaches to support better mental health among children in the future.

Journal article

Pandemic parenting: a pilot study of in-person versus internet-DOCS K-5 for caregivers of school-age children with disruptive behaviors

AUTHOR(S)
Heather Agazzi; Holland Hayford; Nicholas Thomas (et al.)

Published: May 2022 Journal: Clinical child psychology and psychiatry

Behavioral parent training (BPT) programs are needed to address disruptive behavior disorders among school-aged children. Given the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic and associated mental health consequences, adapting BPTs to telehealth modalities is necessary to ensure continued services to children and families. This pilot study evaluated the use of a telehealth vs in-person modality to deliver the Developing Our Children's Skills K-5 (DOCS K-5) BPT. Participants were caregivers of children enrolled in elementary school exhibiting disruptive behaviors who participated in either in-person DOCS K-5 (n = 21) or internet-DOCS K-5 (i-DOCS K-5; n = 34).

Cite this research | Open access | Language: English | Topics: Mental Health | Tags: child care services, child mental health, COVID-19 response, lockdown, mentally disabled children, parent-child relationship, social distance, teleworking

Journal article

Changes in attachment to parents and peers and relations with mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic

AUTHOR(S)
Qingfang Song; Jess M. Vicman; Stacey N. Doan

Published: May 2022 Journal: Emerging Adulthood

Using a longitudinal design, we examined changes in parent and peer attachment among college students, and their predictive and protective roles in relation to mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. College students (N = 106) rated their parent and peer attachment, and self-reported anxiety, loneliness, and depressive symptoms 1 year before and during the pandemic. Participants also rated the impact of COVID-19 related stressors (CRS).

Cite this research | Open access | Language: English | Topics: Mental Health | Tags: child mental health, COVID-19 response, lockdown, mental health services, mental stress, parent-child relationship, psychological distress, social distance

Journal article

‘We can play tag with a stick’. Children's knowledge, experiences, feelings and creative thinking during the COVID-19 pandemic

AUTHOR(S)
Nwakerendu Waboso; Laurel Donison; Rebecca Raby (et al.)

Published: May 2022 Journal: Children & Society

Using a relational approach, this study draws on repeated interviews with a group of 30 diverse children from Ontario to share and reflect on their knowledge, experiences and feelings early in the COVID-19 pandemic. Prioritising relational interdependence and relational agency, this paper illustrates our participants' embedded engagements with the pandemic and their contribution to the co-production of knowledge. It emphasises their thoughtful responses to the pandemic; their creative, self-reflexive strategies for managing a difficult time; and their advice to others. It thus prioritises children's viewpoints and emphasises their relational interconnections with others during a time that was marked by social isolation.

Journal article

Mental health during COVID-19 pandemic among secondary school students in relation to mobile phone usage

AUTHOR(S)
Debolina Mukherjee; Ramanath Gorain; Namrata Gogoi

Published: April 2022 Journal: International journal of health sciences

The mental health and well-being of pupils have been regarded as one of the growing concerns of Twenty-first-century life. The year 2020 has witnessed how the Covid-19 pandemic can make huge changes in our lifestyle, be it academic, professional, social, or even personal life. The principal goal of this research is to study the mental health of secondary school pupils during the covid19 pandemic in relation to the usage of mobile phones. This is a descriptive survey study that attempts to understand the association between the frequencies of mobile phone usage and the mental health of the pupils during the pandemic situation. 100 students of 9th standard from two schools of West Bengal are selected as the samples of the study. Research information are gathered through a Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale and Mental Health – Checklist.

Journal article

Park access and mental health among parents and children during the COVID-19 pandemic.

AUTHOR(S)
Marnie F. Hazlehurst; Sadiya Muqueeth; Kathleen L. Wolf (et al.)

Published: April 2022 Journal: BMC Public Health

Time spent outdoors and in nature has been associated with numerous benefits to health and well-being. This study examined relationships between park access and mental health for children and parents during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also explored associations between park access and co-participation of parent and child in time outdoors, and child and parent physical activity. It used data from 1,000 respondents to a nationally representative U.S. survey of parent–child dyads during October–November 2020. Park access was defined as an affirmative response to: “do you have a park that you can safely walk to within 10 min of your home?”

Journal article

Effects of mindful emotion regulation on parents' loneliness and social support: A longitudinal study during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States

AUTHOR(S)
Na Zhang; Beth Russell; Crystal Park (et al.)

Published: April 2022 Journal: Journal of Social and Personal Relationships

The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced unprecedented challenges and demands for parents or caregivers of children who experienced disruptions in social support and feelings of isolation. Mindful emotion regulation may be a resilient factor for parents’ psychosocial outcomes. Mindful emotion regulation refers to individuals’ inherent capacities to regulate emotions mindfully, i.e., through paying attention to one’s experiences in the present moment nonjudgmentally. Based on the theoretical and empirical literature associating mindful emotion regulation with loneliness and perceived social support, the current study tested the effects of mindful emotion regulation on later changes in perceived social support and loneliness in U.S. parents during the pandemic. Participants were 147 parents/caregivers who were living with at least one child or adolescent in their household during the pandemic in the USA. Data were collected from a national online sample at four time points: baseline (April 7–21, 2020), 30-, 60-, and 90-days later.

Journal article

Association of social determinants of health and vaccinations with child mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US.

AUTHOR(S)
Yunyu Xiao; Paul Siu-Fai Yip; Jyotishman Pathak (et al.)

Published: April 2022 Journal: JAMA Psychiatry

To what extent are individual and structural social determinants of health (SDoH) and vaccinations associated with child mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic? In this cohort study of 8493 US children, pandemic-related food insecurity, parental unemployment, disrupted mental health treatment, living in neighborhoods with higher shares of adults working full-time, and living in states lagging in vaccination rates were associated with increased trajectories of perceived stress, sadness, and COVID-19–related worry. Associations between SDoH and these mental health outcomes were more common among Asian, Black, and Hispanic children more than White children.

Cite this research | Open access | No. of pages: 12 | Language: English | Topics: Health, Mental Health | Tags: child mental health, COVID-19 response, household food security, mental health services, mental stress, psychological distress, racial discrimination, social determinants, social inequality, vaccination | Countries: United States

Journal article

Drawing the COVID-19 pandemic: how do children incorporate the health crisis and its consequences into their everyday thinking?

AUTHOR(S)
Nahia Idoiaga Mondragon; Amaia Eiguren Munitis; Naiara Berasategi Sancho (et al.)

Published: April 2022 Journal: Psychology & Health

The general objective of this research was to explore how children understand and represent COVID-19 health crisis in their everyday thinking.This research is based on a qualitative interpretive research methodology that uses 6-12 years children’s drawings from San Sebastian (Basque Country, northern of Spain) to collect data. This technique allows children to visualize how they face this situation through a tool that promotes expression of their feelings and representations.

Evidence Synthesis and other Reviews

Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in children with autism spectrum disorder - a literature review

AUTHOR(S)
Saeed Ahmed; Aunsa Hanif; Ikram Khaliq (et al.)

Published: April 2022 Journal: International Journal of Developmental Disabilities

This review summarizes evidence pertaining to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological health of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). An electronic search was conducted using four major databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Using an umbrella methodology, the reference lists of relevant papers were reviewed, and citation searches were conducted. The study included articles written in English between January 2020 and March 2021 that focused on the psychological health of autistic children and adolescents.

Cite this research | Open access | Language: English | Topics: Mental Health | Tags: adolescent psychology, adolescent well-being, child mental health, COVID-19 response, lockdown, mental health services, mental stress, mentally disabled children, psychological distress, social distance

Journal article

The voices of parents in child protective services: A qualitative analysis of families’ struggles with COVID-19

AUTHOR(S)
Karmen Toros; Asgeir Falch-Eriksen

Published: April 2022

The pandemic of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected children and families worldwide, disrupting their daily lives and well-being. A small-scale study involving 13 parents in Child Protective Services in Estonia was conducted using in-depth, semi-structured interviews to explore parents’ experiences with COVID-19 and its impact on their families’ well-being.

Cite this research | Open access | Language: English | Topics: Mental Health | Tags: child care services, child mental health, child protection measures, child well-being, family environment, mental health services, mental stress, parent-child relationship, psychological distress | Countries: Estonia

Journal article

Effect of COVID-19 quarantine on caregivers of Egyptian children with autistic spectrum disorder

AUTHOR(S)
Mostafa Mohamed; Hazem Mohamed Elhariri; Mai S. Elsheikh (et al.)

Published: April 2022 Journal: The International Journal of Health Sciences

The urgent requirement for adaptation of Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during COVID-19 pandemic has brought major problems to families and caregivers. This study aimed to explore and observe the role of caregiver either mother or father or both regarding outcome behavior of children with ASD during the social isolation of COVID-19 outbreak period. The web based questionnaire was applied on families of 110 children diagnosed with ASD. It took about 20 minutes to be filled by parents of affected children.

Journal article

Children and adolescents' ingroup biases and developmental differences in evaluations of peers Who misinform

AUTHOR(S)
Aqsa Farooq; Eirini Ketzitzidou Argyri; Anna Adlam (et al.)

Published: April 2022 Journal: Frontiers in Psychology

Previous developmental research shows that young children display a preference for ingroup members when it comes to who they accept information from – even when that information is false. However, it is not clear how this ingroup bias develops into adolescence, and how it affects responses about peers who misinform in intergroup contexts, which is important to explore with growing numbers of young people on online platforms. Given that the developmental span from childhood to adolescence is when social groups and group norms are particularly important, the present study took a Social Reasoning Developmental Approach. This study explored whether children and adolescents respond differently to a misinformer spreading false claims about a peer breaking COVID-19 rules, depending on (a) the group membership of the misinformer and their target and (b) whether the ingroup had a “critical” norm that values questioning information before believing it.

Cite this research | Open access | No. of pages: 12 | Language: English | Topics: Mental Health | Tags: adolescent psychology, adolescent well-being, child mental health, child well-being, COVID-19 response, information, lockdown, mental development, psychological development, social distance | Countries: United Kingdom

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UNICEF Innocenti's Children and COVID-19 Library is a database collecting research from around the world on COVID-19 and its impacts on children and adolescents.

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Read the latest quarterly digest on children and disabilities.

The second digest discussed children and violence during the pandemic.

The first digest covers children and youth mental health under COVID-19.

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