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Children and COVID-19 Research Library

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Journal article

A new educational normal an intersectionality-led exploration of education, learning technologies, and diversity during COVID-19

AUTHOR(S)
Enrico Gandolfi; Richard E. Ferdig; Annette Kratcoski

Published: June 2021 Journal: Technology in Society

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated the learning technologies disparity in the U.S. K-12 education system, thus broadening an already existing and troublesome digital divide. Low-income and minority students and families were particularly disadvantaged in accessing hardware and software technologies to support teaching and learning. Moreover, the homicide of George Floyd fostered a new wave of inquiry about racism and inequality, questioning often enabled with and through technology and social media. To address these issues, this article explores how parents and teachers experienced the pandemic through intersectional and digital divide-driven lenses.

Cite this research | Open access | Vol.: 66 | Language: English | Topics: Education | Tags: COVID-19 response, disadvantaged children, e-learning, economic and social conditions, lockdown, low income families, racial discrimination, remote learning, school attendance, social inequality | Countries: United States

Journal article

The stay at home order is causing things to get heated up: family conflict dynamics during COVID-19 from the perspectives of youth calling a national child abuse hotline

AUTHOR(S)
Laura Sinko; Yuan He; Rachel Kishton (et al.)

Published: June 2021 Journal: Journal of Family Violence

The purpose of this study was to identify changes in family conflict and abuse dynamics during COVID-19 stay-at-home orders from the perspectives of youth calling a national child abuse hotline. We analyzed text and chat transcripts from Childhelp’s National Child Abuse Hotline from May–June 2020 that were flagged as coming from a child with a COVID-19-related concern (N = 105). Thematic analysis was used to identify COVID-19 related influences of family conflict as well as how COVID-19 constraints influenced coping and survival for youth reporting distress or maltreatment to the hotline.

Journal article

A make-believe confinement for Brazilian young children in the COVID-19 pandemic

AUTHOR(S)
Gabriela Tebet; Anete Abramowicz; Jader Lopes

Published: May 2021 Journal: Children's Geographies

Brazil is one of the countries that were most affected by COVID-19. This article aims to present a viewpoint on how the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting the lives of people in Brazil, emphasizing the impacts on the lives of the youth, showing how the global crisis emerges with particularities in Brazil and affects the private lives of the population in a heterogeneous way. In this text, we support the idea that Brazilian children did not experience a pandemic quarantine, but only a school quarantine; moreover, the pandemic affects different social groups of the country unequally, mainly affecting the poor, black, and indigenous populations.

Cite this research | Open access | Language: English | Topics: Health, Education, Social Protection, Well-being and Equity | Tags: child education, child health, COVID-19 response, economic and social conditions, economic crisis, social inequality | Countries: Brazil

Evidence Synthesis and other Reviews

COVID-19 and disconnected youth: lessons and opportunities from OECD countries

AUTHOR(S)
Ashley N. Palmer; Eusebius Small

Published: May 2021 Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health

This paper highlights how the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has amplified economic instability and health risks for disconnected youth and young adults (YYA). We offer a brief review of governmental policy responses in four OECD countries and how they may impact the disconnect YYA within those countries. Literature was reviewed utilizing Cochrane Library, ERIC, PsychINFO, PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science to outline existing inequities among disconnected YYA and COVID-19 economic and health impacts. Government responses to COVID-19 from four OECD countries were reviewed. Using the social protection model, we highlighted significant policy changes and developments that influence the protection of vulnerable populations and evaluated the potential effect of long-term economic dislocations prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Cite this research | Open access | No. of pages: 11 | Language: English | Topics: Health, Social Protection, Well-being and Equity, Mental Health | Tags: adolescent psychology, COVID-19 response, economic and social conditions, economic crisis, lockdown, mental stress, multi-country, psychological distress, social inequality

Journal article

Children in monetary poor households: baseline and COVID-19 impact for 2020 and 2021

AUTHOR(S)
Oliver Fiala; Enrique Delamónica; Gerardo Escaroz (et al.)

Published: May 2021 Journal: Economics of Disasters and Climate Change

The impact of the global economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic will not affect all children equally: those in poorer households and children who are disadvantaged face the most serious consequences. As parents lose their jobs and incomes, the impact on children living in impoverished households must be measured. In this article, we assess the economic consequences of the pandemic on these children. Given that poorer families have a larger number of children than other families, the analysis first establishes the proportion of children living in monetary poor households, as defined by national standards, across developing countries. Then, using historical changes and trends of income distribution per country, the latest projections about economic decline due to the pandemic, and demographic information about the distribution of children by deciles, this study estimates the expected increase in the number of children in monetary poor households in developing countries as of end of 2020 to be an additional 122–144 million and, at best, a moderate decline in these numbers by end of 2021.

Cite this research | Open access | No. of pages: 16 | Language: English | Topics: Child Poverty, Education | Tags: COVID-19 response, disadvantaged children, economic and social conditions, economic crisis, household food security, lockdown, school attendance, social distance, social inequality

Research Report

Analysis of the social and economic impacts of COVID-19 on households and strategic policy recommendations for Indonesia

Institution: *UNICEF, UNDP, SMERU Research Institute, Prospera
Published: May 2021

In an effort to understand the social and economic impacts of COVID-19 on women, families with children, vulnerable groups, and people with disabilities, the largest household survey recorded in Indonesia was launched between October and December 2020. Through qualitative interviews, over 12,000 families — across 34 provinces and 247 districts — were surveyed. The results revealed information about the impact of COVID-19 on employment, micro-businesses, food security, access to health, educational services and access to social protection programmes. On a deeper level, it provided insight into the impact of the pandemic on children’s development and wellbeing.

Cite this research | No. of pages: 88 | Language: English | Topics: Child Poverty, Social Protection, Well-being and Equity | Tags: child poverty, child well-being, COVID-19 response, economic and social conditions, economic crisis, household food security | Countries: Indonesia | Publisher: *UNICEF, UNDP, SMERU Research Institute, Prospera

Research Report

Intersecting barriers to adolescents' educational access during COVID-19: exploring the role of gender, disability and poverty

AUTHOR(S)
Nicola Jones; Ingrid Sanchez Tapia; Sarah Baird (et al.)

Published: May 2021 Journal: International Journal of Educational Development

This article explores the social determinants of adolescents’ access to education during the COVID-19 pandemic in three diverse urban contexts in Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Jordan. It provides novel empirical data from the Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence longitudinal study, drawing on phone surveys (4,441), qualitative interviews with adolescents aged 12–19 years (500), and key informant interviews conducted between April and October 2020. Findings highlight that the pandemic is compounding pre-existing vulnerabilities to educational disadvantage, and that gender, poverty and disability are intersecting to deepen social inequalities. The paper concludes by reflecting on policy implications for inclusive distance education in emergencies.

Cite this research | Open access | No. of pages: 28 | Language: English | Topics: Education | Tags: COVID-19 response, economic and social conditions, education of disabled children, education of girls, gender equality, lockdown, multi-country, social inequality

Journal article

Social inequalities in health determinants in Spanish children during the COVID-19 lockdown

AUTHOR(S)
Yolanda González-Rábago; Andrea Cabezas-Rodríguez; Unai Martín

Published: April 2021 Journal: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

The COVID-19 lockdown was imposed in a context of notable inequalities in the distribution of the social determinants of health. It is possible that the housing conditions in which children and their families experienced the confinement, and the adoption of healthy behaviors, may have followed unequal patterns. The aim was to describe social inequalities in housing conditions and in health-related behaviors among children during the lockdown in Spain. This cross-sectional study was based on data from an online survey collecting information on the child population (3–12 years) living in Spain (n = 10,765).

Journal article

Impact of COVID-19 on household food insecurity and interlinkages with child feeding practices and coping strategies in Uttar Pradesh, India: a longitudinal community-based study

AUTHOR(S)
Phuong Hong Nguyen Nguyen; Shivani Kachwaha; Anjali Pant (et al.)

Published: April 2021 Journal: BMJ Open

The COVID-19 pandemic has profound negative impacts on people’s lives, but little is known on its effect on household food insecurity (HFI) in poor setting resources. This study assessed changes in HFI during the pandemic and examined the interlinkages between HFI with child feeding practices and coping strategies. A longitudinal survey in December 2019 (in-person) and August 2020 (by phone).

Journal article

Subjective wellbeing in parents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

AUTHOR(S)
Elizabeth M. Westrupp; Mark A. Stokes; Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz (et al.)

Published: April 2021 Journal: Journal of Psychosomatic Research

This paper aimed to examine (1) the subjective wellbeing of Australian parents raising children and adolescents (0–18 years) during April 2020 ‘stage three’ COVID-19 restrictions, in comparison with parents assessed over 18-years prior to the pandemic; and (2) socio-demographic and COVID-19 predictors of subjective wellbeing during the pandemic.

Journal article

A recipe for madness: parenthood in the era of Covid‐19

AUTHOR(S)
Laurel Elder; Steven Greene

Published: March 2021 Journal: Social Science Quarterly

This article seeks to understand the economic, mental health, and political impacts on American parents in the era of Covid‐19. It draws on survey data from a diverse national sample collected in September 2020 and employs multivariate analysis to explore how Covid‐19 has uniquely affected the attitudes and life experiences of American parents.

Journal article

Socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19 in low-income countries

AUTHOR(S)
Anna Josephson; Talip Kilic; Jeffrey D. Michler

Published: March 2021 Journal: Nature Human Behaviour

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and attempts to limit its spread have resulted in a contraction of the global economy. This study documents the socioeconomic impacts of the pandemic among households, adults and children in low-income countries. To do so, it relies on longitudinal household survey data from Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria and Uganda, originating from pre-COVID-19 face-to-face household surveys plus phone surveys implemented during the pandemic. 256 million individuals—77% of the population—are estimated to live in households that have lost income during the pandemic. Attempts to cope with this loss are exacerbated by food insecurity and an inability to access medicine and staple foods. Finally, this study finds that student– teacher contact has dropped from a pre-COVID-19 rate of 96% to just 17% among households with school-aged children. These findings can inform decisions by governments and international organizations on measures to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Cite this research | Open access | No. of pages: 13 | Language: English | Topics: Child Poverty, Education, Nutrition | Tags: child education, child poverty, COVID-19 response, economic and social conditions, economic crisis, household food security, low-income countries, multi-country

Commentaries and Think Pieces

COVID-19 pandemic: a unique opportunity to ‘build back fairer’ and reduce health inequities in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

AUTHOR(S)
Ahmed Al-Mandhari; Michael Marmot; Abdul Ghaffar (et al.)

Published: March 2021 Journal: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal

Evidence has shown that some of the major causes of health inequities arise from the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age, in addition to a wider set of forces and systems shaping individuals’ and societies’ health and well-being. Such conditions are known as the ‘social determinants of health’. However, efforts to address these determinants have remained challenging and unsatisfactory in many parts of the world, including in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Policies to contain the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic have further exposed and amplified the existing and even created new dimensions in social and health inequities, as we elaborate further below. Meanwhile, the pandemic offers a unique opportunity to tackle inequities and build back fairer.

Research Report

Working children in crisis-hit Lebanon: exploring the linkages between food insecurity and child labour

Institution: Norwegian Refugee Council, International Rescue Committee, Lebanon Protection Consortium
Published: March 2021

Food insecurity has increased significantly in Lebanon during the past year; nearly 97% of the Syrian refugees on Lebanese soil are marginally or completely food insecure. Food basednegative coping mechanisms have also increased and infant and young child feeding practices have deteriorated. Food is the main expenditure for the most vulnerable households. According to the last available figure on this topic (2016), at least 100,000 children were working in Lebanon and this trend is expected increase. The objective of this report is to draw attention to the linkage between food insecurity and child labour, and its recent evolution in Lebanon. ACF and IRC developed questionnaires and interviewed 648 individuals between July and September 2020 in the Bekaa, Beirut, North and South Lebanon. The interviewees were mostly Syrian refugees but also Lebanese individuals and working children were included. The survey findings were complemented by existing research findings from NRC and CAMEALEON and data from the Lebanon Protection Consortium (LPC).

Cite this research | No. of pages: 27 | Language: English | Topics: Child Poverty, Nutrition, Child Protection | Tags: child labour, child workers, COVID-19 response, economic and social conditions, food shortage, household food security, nutrition | Countries: Lebanon | Publisher: Norwegian Refugee Council, International Rescue Committee, Lebanon Protection Consortium

Journal article

Impact of the 2020 pandemic of COVID-19 on families with school-aged children in the United States: roles of income level and race

AUTHOR(S)
Cliff Yung-Chi Chen; Elena Byrne; Tanya Vélez

Published: March 2021 Journal: Journal of Family Issues

This study examined the experiences of families with school-aged children during the first three months of the 2020 pandemic of COVID-19 in the United States, while focusing on the roles of income level and race/ethnicity in their experiences. Two hundred and twenty-three parents of school-aged children participated in this study by completing an online survey.

Cite this research | Open access | No. of pages: 22 | Language: English | Topics: Social Protection, Well-being and Equity, Mental Health | Tags: COVID-19 response, economic and social conditions, household food security, lockdown, mental stress, psychological distress, school attendance, social inequality | Countries: United States

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UNICEF Innocenti's Children and COVID-19 Library is a database collecting research from around the world on COVID-19 and its impacts on children and adolescents.

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