Children and COVID-19 Research Library

UNICEF Innocenti's curated library of COVID-19 + Children research

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Journal article

Racial healing during the COVID-19 and anti-Asian pandemics through critical consciousness informed antiracist parenting practices (CCIARP)

AUTHOR(S)
Yuying Tsong; Sapna B. Chopra; Hsiu-Lan Cheng

Published: January 2023 Journal: Asian American Journal of Psychology

Pervasive anti-Asian racism and xenophobia during the COVID-19 pandemic pose risks to Asian Americans’ mental health and wellness. Parents and caregivers play a vital role in children’s identity development and beliefs about race and racism. This article offers an analysis of anti-Asian racism during the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on Asian American (AA) adults’ and children’s wellness. In addition, based on reviews and analyses of the literature, it proposes a framework of critical consciousness informed antiracist parenting (CCIARP) for AA parents, practitioners, and educators who work with them to understand and heal from existing and continuing racial trauma as well as strategies and tools to enact social change toward a more just future. CCIARP recommendations include (a) cultivating antiracist awareness, (b) building skills and engaging in activism, and (c) fostering an antiracist parent–child relationship. Limitations and future research needed to apply this framework are included in the discussions.

Evidence Synthesis and other Reviews

Examining civic engagement in ethnic minority youth populations: a literature review and concept analysis

AUTHOR(S)
Van Phan; Bret Kloos

Published: January 2023 Journal: American Journal of Community Psychology

Racial reckoning is defined as the subjugation of Black, Indigenous, and people of Color (BIPOC) to racial hierarchies and subordinate groups that influence multiple well-being outcomes throughout the developmental lifespan and across generations. With the two pandemics of racial reckoning and COVID-19 amidst a growing controversial political landscape, topics around civic engagement have been brought to the forefront of community conversation. Discussions surrounding civic engagement must go beyond addressing issues of public concern and examine the vehicle in which civic engagement may be delivered. This is becoming increasingly important as civic engagement is one of the main avenues of social change through individual and collective action, particularly regarding racial reckoning and healthcare disparities highlighted by COVID-19. The paper focuses on civic engagement among ethnic minority youth and young adults. An integrated model of civic engagement was created based off what was learned through this review. This proposed model of civic engagement is meant to be the first step to addressing the gap in civic engagement literature for ethnic minority youth. Weaknesses and future considerations regarding the model will also be discussed, as well as any implications for ethnic minority youth and young adults.

Cite this research | Open access | No. of pages: 25 | Language: English | Topics: Mental Health | Tags: adolescent psychology, adolescent well-being, COVID-19 response, ethnic minorities, lockdown, mental health services, racial discrimination, social behaviour, social distance | Countries: United States

Journal article

The mental health of Asian American adolescents and young adults amid the rise of anti-Asian racism

AUTHOR(S)
James Huynh; Jessie Chien; Amy T. Nguyen (et al.)

Published: January 2023 Journal: Frontiers in Public Health

This study describes the perceptions and experiences of anti-Asian racism and violence and depression severity prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic among a sample of Asian American (AA) adolescents and young adults. It used data from the Young Asian American Health Survey (YAAHS), an online-recruited sample of AA adolescents (ages 13–17) and young adults (ages 18–29 years) conducted during May 2021 to March 2022. It presented descriptive statistics examining the univariate distribution and bivariate relationships of depression severity, sociodemographic characteristics, and experiences and perceptions of anti-Asian violence.

Journal article

Re-imagining early childhood education and school readiness for children and families of color in the time of COVID-19 and beyond

AUTHOR(S)
Bonnie D. Kerker; Natalia M. Rojas; Spring Dawson-McClure (et al.)

Published: January 2023 Journal: American Journal of Health Promotion

High quality and culturally responsive early childhood education and care (ECEC) for young children before kindergarten is seen as a way to ensure that all children enter school ready to learn. ECEC is even more crucial in the context of recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and the disproportionate burden of trauma and stress borne by families of color in disinvested neighborhoods. Remote learning and repeated disruptions to in-person instruction as protocols shifted during waves of the pandemic placed an extra strain on families, and may have increased educational disparities in the U.S. Taken together, these challenges have implications for children’s school readiness due to their impact on opportunities for learning at home and in the classroom. This paper explores how ECEC programs can be strengthened to better meet children’s needs, and ways in which future research can shed light on these important issues.

Journal article

A cross-sectional study to assess mRNA-COVID-19 vaccine safety among Indian children (5–17 years) living in Saudi Arabia

AUTHOR(S)
Marya Ahsan; Riyaz Ahamed Shaik; Ayaz K. Mallick (et al.)

Published: January 2023 Journal: Vaccines

The objective of this study is to assess the frequency and severity of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) in Indian children aged 5–17 years who received the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, as well as to investigate for predictors of AEFI. To examine AEFI following the first and second doses of Pfizer’s vaccine, semi-structured questionnaires were distributed as Google forms at Indian schools in Saudi Arabia. The 385 responses included 48.1% male and 51.9% female children, with 136 responses of children aged 5–11 years (group A) and 249 responses from children aged 12–17 years (group B). Overall, 84.4% of children had two shots. The frequency of AEFI was reported to be higher after the first dose than after the second (OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.57–2.86). The reported AEFIs included myalgia, rhinitis, local reaction with fever, a temperature of 102 °F or higher, and mild to moderate injection site reactions. While group B frequently reported multiple AEFIs, group A typically reported just one. Local reaction with low grade fever was more frequently reported in group B after the first dose (24.1%) and second dose (15.4%), while local reaction without low grade fever was most frequently observed in group A after the first (36.8%) and second dose (30%). Only prior COVID-19 infection (OR = 2.98, 95% CI = 1.44–6.2) was associated with AEFI after the second dose in the study sample, whereas male gender (OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.13–2.6) and prior COVID-19 infection (OR = 2.95, 95% CI = 1.38–6.3) were predictors of AEFI after the first dose. Non-serious myocarditis was reported by only one child. According to the analysis conducted, the Pfizer’s mRNA COVID-19 vaccination was found to be safe in Indian children.

Journal article

The effect of peer-to-peer education on health literacy, knowledge, and adherence to COVID-19 protocols in vulnerable adolescents

AUTHOR(S)
Alireza Shoghli; Azam Maleki; Mohammad Reza Masjedi (et al.)

Published: January 2023 Journal: BMC Primary Care

The study was done to examine the effectiveness of peer-to-peer education on increasing health literacy, knowledge s, and observance of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) health prevention protocols in vulnerable adolescents. The study was a one-group intervention (before and after the intervention) that was performed on 1200 vulnerable adolescents living in varamin. The educational intervention was presented to adolescents in a face-to-face session. In the next step, the adolescents were taught the information received by three members of their families. Data were evaluated using a self-designed questionnaire before, and three months after the intervention. The paired t-test was used to compare scores of health literacy, compliance, and knowledge before and after the intervention at a 0.05 confidence level. The Multiple linear regression model was used to determine the predictive factors of observance of COVID-19 preventive behaviors.

Journal article

Persistent racial disproportionality in investigated and substantiated child maltreatment reports: trend analysis before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2019–2020)

AUTHOR(S)
Keunhye Park; Bryan G. Victor; Brian E. Perron (et al.)

Published: December 2022 Journal: Journal of Public Child Welfare

Early studies revealed COVID-19ʹs outbreak led to a drastic decline in child maltreatment reports and investigations within child welfare services. However, limited research has documented whether these declines continued throughout the pandemic. Furthermore, our knowledge is limited around whether COVID-19 influenced existing racial disproportionalities given the shock to the child welfare system. This study addresses those gaps by drawing from county-level child welfare data from 2019 to 2020 to examine 1) changes in reporting sources before and during COVID-19, 2) trends in investigated and substantiated reports of child maltreatment, and 3) disproportionality between racial groups.

Journal article

Covid-19 lockdowns and the precarity of South Asian key workers' families in the United Kingdom

AUTHOR(S)
Rizwana Yousaf

Published: December 2022 Journal: South Asian Diaspora

With growing concern in the lives of individuals and communities during COVID-19, there is growing consensus across the globe that the pandemic had a disproportionate impact on different segments of society. It is of pertinent significance to understand the differential impact of pandemic on diverse groups. The concept of ‘intersectional vulnerability’ has been used in this paper to understand the unequal impact of the pandemic. Using an intersectional lens of ethnicity, this paper aims to understand the lived experiences of South Asian key workers’ family members (women) during the COVID-19 lockdowns through narratives of precarity and vulnerability, this study brings out the challenges faced by families of key workers. Vulnerable family members’ fear, stress, economic pressures, persistent inequalities in society, and gendered experiences shape the narratives of these families. The pandemic exacerbated existing precarious positions of families by creating a situation where ethnic inequality and inequitable gendered impacts were further reinforced.

Cite this research | Open access | Language: English | Topics: Social Protection, Well-being and Equity | Tags: COVID-19 response, economic and social conditions, economic crisis, ethnic minorities, lockdown, migrant workers, social distance, social inequality | Countries: United Kingdom

Journal article

Parental assistance with emotion regulation moderates link between COVID-19 stress and child mental health.

AUTHOR(S)
Emily M. Cohodes; Sarah McCauley; David A. Preece (et al.)

Published: November 2022 Journal: Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology

The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted children’s mental health. All children have not been affected equally, however, and whether parental emotion socialization might buffer or exacerbate the impact of COVID-19 on children’s mental health remains an important question. During the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. N = 200 parents of children ages 0–17 (52.5% female) completed questionnaires related to parental assistance with children’s emotion regulation, symptomatology, and exposure to COVID-19-related stress. Parents were 74% Non-Hispanic/Latino/a White, 13% Asian, 4.5% Hispanic/Latino/a, 4% Black/African American, 2.5% Native American, and 1.5% bi/multiracial; 0.5% of participants preferred not to state their race/ethnicity. In a series of linear regression analyses, we examined whether parental assistance with children’s execution of emotion regulation strategies – across a variety of prototypically-adaptive and -maladaptive strategies – moderates the association between children’s exposure to COVID-19-related stress and symptomatology.

Cite this research | Open access | Language: English | Topics: Mental Health | Tags: child mental health, COVID-19 response, ethnic minorities, lockdown, mental health services, mental stress, parent-child relationship, psychological distress, racial discrimination, social distance | Countries: United States

Journal article

Addressing social determinants of mental health in pediatrics during the COVID-19 pandemic

AUTHOR(S)
Andrea E. Spencer; Jennifer Sikov; William G. Adams (et al.)

Published: November 2022 Journal: Progress Report

In this report, our study's findings in context of new events and research since June 2019 are discussed, with particular attention to the impacts of both the pandemic and racism on SDOH, child mental health, and primary care-based screening efforts.

Cite this research | Open access | No. of pages: 2 | Language: English | Topics: Social Protection, Well-being and Equity, Mental Health | Tags: child mental health, COVID-19 response, ethnic minorities, lockdown, mental health services, psychological distress, racial discrimination, social determinants, social distance, social inequality | Countries: United States

Journal article

Troubling gender norms on Mumsnet: working from home and parenting during the UK's first COVID lockdown

AUTHOR(S)
Karen Maria Handley

Published: November 2022 Journal: Gender, Work & Organization

This article examines the troubling of gender norms that unfolded on the social networking site, Mumsnet, at the beginning of the UK's first lockdown response to the COVID pandemic. Using an analysis of 7144 contributions which included the acronym ‘WFH’ (=working from home), posted from March 1, 2020 to April 5, 2020, the article examines how Mumsnet members talked about working from home while caring for toddlers and home-schooled children. Mumsnet discussions about everyday moral dilemmas create a discursive space for examining the situated rationalities and normative judgments that shape expectations of how to behave as a working parent. Drawing on post-structuralist discourse theory, the article shows how Mumsnet contributors generated alternative sub-categorizations of ‘good mums’, and destabilized discourse assumptions of intensive motherhood, such as always ‘being there’ for their children, thereby ‘working the weakness in the norms’ (Butler, 1993) and creating potential for change.

Cite this research | Open access | No. of pages: 16 | Language: English | Topics: Social Protection, Well-being and Equity | Tags: COVID-19 response, ethnic minorities, gender equality, gender roles, lockdown, parent-child relationship, social distance, social norms, working mothers | Countries: United Kingdom

Journal article

The COVID-19 YPAR project: Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR) to explore the context of ethnic minority youth responses to COVID-19 vaccines in the United States and United Kingdom

AUTHOR(S)
Megan Schmidt-Sane; Tabitha Hrynick; Elizabeth Benninger (et al.)

Institution: Institute of Development Studies
Published: October 2022 Journal: Opendocs

Despite progress in COVID-19 vaccination rates overall in the US and UK, vaccine inequity persists as young people from minoritised and/or deprived communities are often less likely to be vaccinated. COVID-19 ‘vaccine hesitancy’ is not just an issue of misinformation or lack of information. ‘Vaccine hesitancy’ among young people is reflective of wider issues such as mistrust in the state or the medical establishment and negative experiences during the pandemic. This report is based on case study research conducted among young people (ages 12-18) in Cleveland, Ohio, US and the London borough of Ealing, UK.

Cite this research | Open access | Language: English | Topics: Health | Tags: adolescent psychology, adolescent well-being, COVID-19, ethnic minorities, immunization, immunization programmes, infectious disease, vaccination, vaccination policies | Countries: United Kingdom, United States | Publisher: Institute of Development Studies

Journal article

When home becomes classroom: The shifting roles of Korean immigrant mothers in the management of children's education during COVID-19 in the US

AUTHOR(S)
Gowoon Jung; Sejung Sage Yim; Sou Hyun Jang (et al.)

Published: April 2022 Journal: Women's Studies International Forum

COVID-19 has disrupted women's lives by increasing their childcare and household labor responsibilities. This has detrimentally affected immigrant women with limited resources, who invest in their children's education for upward mobility. Based on a content analysis of 478 posts on the MissyUSA website, this study explores the ways in which Korean immigrant mothers in the U.S. navigate the management of middle and high school children's online education during lockdown.

Cite this research | Open access | Vol.: 92 | Language: English | Topics: Education, Migration, Social Protection, Well-being and Equity | Tags: child education, COVID-19 response, ethnic minorities, lockdown, maternal care, parent-child relationship, remote learning, school attendance, social distance, working mothers | Countries: United States

Journal article

Black women, black girls, and the Covid-19 pandemic: an autoethnography of a health disparity

AUTHOR(S)
Renata Ferdinand; Rajah Emahn Ferdinand

Published: April 2022 Journal: Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies

This is an autoethnographic essay that explores how the Covid-19 pandemic affect(ed) Black women and girls. Through storytelling and narrative and performative writing, it paints a clearer picture of the lives lost due to the coronavirus by highlighting specific tragedies that occurred, and by examining the larger societal context that allowed such tragedies to unfold. In addition, it offers an intimate look at the emotional processes that occur when one is diagnosed with the virus.

Cite this research | Open access | Language: English | Topics: Health, Social Protection, Well-being and Equity | Tags: child health, COVID-19 response, economic and social conditions, ethnic minorities, ethnic minority children, gender equality, lockdown, racial discrimination, social distance, social inequality | Countries: United States

Journal article

Structural correlates of mental health support access among sexual minority youth of color during COVID-19

AUTHOR(S)
Chantelle Roulston; Sarah McKetta; Maggi Price (et al.)

Published: March 2022 Journal: Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology

Many youth with mental health needs cannot access treatment, with multiply-marginalized youth, such as sexual minority youth of Color (SMYoC), experiencing both structural and identity-related barriers to care. The COVID-19 pandemic threatens to exacerbate multi-level treatment access barriers facing SMYoC youth nationwide. However, little large-scale research has examined access to mental health care among SMYoC across the United States, either during or prior to the pandemic. Such work is critical to understanding and ameliorating barriers in this domain. Using data from adolescents who self-identified as SMYoC and who endorsed a desire for mental health support during the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 470, ages 13–16, from 43 U.S. states), this study examined associations between state-level, structural factors (income inequality; mental health-care provider shortage; anti-Black racism; homophobia; and the interaction between anti-Black racism and homophobia) and SMYoC mental health treatment access.

Cite this research | Open access | Language: English | Topics: Mental Health | Tags: COVID-19 response, ethnic minorities, gender equality, lockdown, mental health services, mental stress, minority children, physical activity, social distance | Countries: United States

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