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Children and COVID-19 Research Library

UNICEF Innocenti's curated library of COVID-19 + Children research

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Fear, changes in routine and dental care for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder in the COVID-19 pandemic: a survey with Brazilian parents

AUTHOR(S)
Bárbara Azevedo Machado; Juliana Silva Moro; Carla Massignam (et al.)

Published: December 2021   Journal: Special Care In Dentistry

This study aimed to report the perception of parents of children/adolescents with autism regarding the parents’ fear of the pandemic by COVID-19. Also, to report children's fear about the use of individual protective equipment (IPE) in dental appointments, and the impact on the daily routine during the pandemic. A cross-sectional study through an open online survey was addressed to parents of children/adolescents autistic, aged between 3 and 18 years. The questionnaire had questions regarding the parents’ fear of the COVID-19 pandemic, the parents’ perception about the children/adolescents’ fear of the use of IPEs at dental care, and the impact of the daily routine during the pandemic and social impact after the pandemic. Parents' reports on the degree of ASD (mild, moderate, and severe) of the child/adolescent. A total of 1001 responses were obtained. 50.35% of parents had high fear of the pandemic by COVID-19, 59.34% believe that children/teenagers will be afraid of the dentist's IPE and 61.64% responded that the COVID-19 pandemic had a high impact on the daily routine of children/adolescents with ASD.

COVID-19 related fear and depression of pregnant women and new mothers

AUTHOR(S)
Heidi Sze Lok Fan; Edmond Pui Hang Choi; Rachel Wai Tung Ko (et al.)

Published: December 2021   Journal: Public Health Nursing

This paper aimed to explore factors associated with depression and COVID-19 related fear among pregnant women and new mothers. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in China from July 2020 to July 2021. A total of 3027 pregnant and new mothers were recruited. Sociodemographic characteristics and the perceptions of the COVID-19 pandemic were collected. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Fear Scale was used to assess the depressive and fear level towards the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively.

How young people experienced COVID-19 disease containment measures in the Western Cape, South Africa: A qualitative study including the perspectives of young people, their parents, teachers and school counsellors

AUTHOR(S)
Bronwynè J. Coetzee; Hermine Gericke; Suzanne Human (et al.)

Published: December 2021   Journal: Psychology and Psychotherapy

Little is known about the potential impact of COVID-19 disease containment measures on children's mental health and well-being, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study sought to explore this amongst young adolescents in South Africa and from the perspectives of multiple key stakeholders. It conducted 25 individual semi-structured telephonic interviews with children (n = 7, aged 12–13 years), teachers (n = 8), parents/caregivers (n = 7) and school counsellors (n = 3) from two public primary schools in the Western Cape, South Africa. Interviews were conducted between July and September 2020 and transcribed verbatim. The data were analysed inductively using thematic analysis procures.

Secondary school students’ perception of the online teaching experience during COVID-19: The impact on mental wellbeing and specific learning difficulties

AUTHOR(S)
Thomas Walters; Nicola J. Simkiss; Robert J. Snowden (et al.)

Published: December 2021   Journal: British Journal of Educational Psychology

Student engagement and concentration is critical for successful learning. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a dramatic increase in the use of online learning which may affect engagement and concentration, particularly for those students with specific learning difficulties. This study is a retrospective online survey comparing pupils’ normal classroom experience to learning online during the first national lockdown in the United Kingdom (March–July 2020).

Parenting in a pandemic: parental stress, anxiety and depression among parents during the government-initiated physical distancing measures following the first wave of COVID-19

AUTHOR(S)
Miriam S. Johnson; Nora Skjerdingstad; Omid V. Ebrahimi (et al.)

Published: December 2021   Journal: Stress & Health
Drawing on the tenets of family stress theory, the aim of this study is to examine parents' perceived stress, symptoms of anxiety, depression, and associated risk- and protective factors across demographic subgroups during in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Norwegian parents (N = 2868; 79.5% mothers) with >1 child under 18 years of age completed an online survey two weeks after the implementation of government-initiated distancing measures. The survey includes measures of COVID-related risk factors (parental stress, burnout, depression, anxiety, anger of parents towards children, difficulty working from home, and positive beliefs about worry) and protective factors (self-efficacy and social support).
Parental burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic

AUTHOR(S)
Nora Skjerdingstad; Miriam S. Johnson; Sverre U. Johnson (et al.)

Published: December 2021   Journal: Family Process
Increased and long-term parental stress related to one's parental role can lead to parental burnout. In the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, families experienced intensified pressure due to the government-initiated contact restrictions applied to prevent the spread of the virus in the population. This study investigates the risk factors and predictors of parental burnout in a large sample of parents (N = 1488) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway. Demographic and psychosocial factors were assessed at two timepoints: at the beginning of the pandemic outbreak in March 2020 (T1) and at 3 months follow-up (T2). A hierarchical regression analysis was applied to identify the factors that contribute to parental burnout at T2. Parental burnout was additionally explored across subgroups
SARS-CoV-2 infection among school population of one developing country: do school closures protect students and teachers against SARS-CoV-2 infection?

AUTHOR(S)
Carol Bibiana Colonia; Rosanna Camerano-Ruiz; Andrés Felipe Mora-Salamanca (et al.)

Published: December 2021   Journal: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Evidence about the effectiveness of school closures as a measure to control the spread of COVID-19 is controversial. This study posit that schools are not an important source of transmission; thus, it analyzed two surveillance methods: a web-based questionnaire and a telephone survey that monitored the impact of the pandemic due to COVID-19 cases in Bogotá, Colombia. It estimated the cumulative incidences for Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) and COVID-19 for each population group. Then, it assessed the differences using the cumulative incidence ratio (CIR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI95%)
Hong Kong children’s school readiness in times of COVID-19: the contributions of parent perceived social support, parent competency, and time spent with children

AUTHOR(S)
Eva Yi Hung Lau; Jian-Bin Li

Published: December 2021   Journal: Frontiers in Psychology
School readiness is an important but challenging issue of child development, especially during COVID-19 when most of the traditional offline activities that could promote school readiness (e.g., on-site visit) have been canceled. There is a gap between the knowledge needed to promote children’s school readiness in times of pandemic and the limited understanding of this topic so far. This gap could be particularly concerning in the social contexts where examinations are stressed and educational competition is high (e.g., Hong Kong). This study examined how well children were ready for primary school, the extent to which parent perceived social support was related to children’s school readiness, and whether parent competence and their time spent with children would moderate the said link. A cross-sectional design survey with total population sampling (supplemented with convenience sampling) was conducted.
Finnish late adolescents’ physical activity during COVID-19 spring 2020 lockdown

AUTHOR(S)
Kwok Ng; Pasi Koski; Nelli Lyyra (et al.)

Published: December 2021   Journal: BMC Public Health

Physical activity (PA) is recognised as one of the leading and effective strategies to prevent non-communicable diseases that boosts the immune system to fight against diseases. Closures of schools, sport clubs and facilities because of COVID-19 reduced the opportunities to participate in PA. This study aimed to examine physical activity levels of late adolescents, the contexts to be physical active and its changes during the spring 2020 lockdown. A national representative sample of late adolescents in general upper secondary school (n = 2408, females = 64%, mean age = 17.2y, SD = 0.63) completed self-report online surveys on PA behaviours between March and June 2020. Multinominal logistic regression analyses were performed to identify correlates with PA, and decision tree analyses to ascertain the perceived changes on PA during lockdown based on sport club aspirations and levels of PA.

Education for non-citizen children in Malaysia during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study

AUTHOR(S)
Tharani Loganathan; Zhie X. Chan; Fikri Hassan (et al.)

Published: December 2021   Journal: Plos One
The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted schooling for children worldwide. Most vulnerable are non-citizen children without access to public education. This study aims to explore challenges faced in achieving education access for children of refugee and asylum-seekers, migrant workers, stateless and undocumented persons in Malaysia during the pandemic. In-depth interviews of 33 stakeholders were conducted from June 2020 to March 2021. Data were thematically analysed.
Longitudinal changes in Swiss adolescent’s mental health outcomes from before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

AUTHOR(S)
Beyhan Ertanir; Wassilis Kassis; Ariana Garrote

Published: December 2021   Journal: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
This study aimed to explore changes in mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, home, and school stress) from before the first COVID-19 wave (autumn 2019) to the later stages of the same wave (autumn 2020) in a sample of N = 377 Swiss adolescents (Mage = 12.67; 47% female). It also examined whether students’ background characteristics (gender, immigrant status, and socio-economic status) and reported COVID-19 burden predicted students’ outcomes and their intra-individual changes. Student’s mental health, background characteristics, and reported COVID-19 burden were assessed by a self-report questionnaire. The intra-individual changes in students’ scores were estimated using random coefficients regression analyses, with time points nested in individuals.
Changes in psychosocial functioning among urban, school-age children during the COVID-19 pandemic

AUTHOR(S)
Andrea E. Spencer; Rachel Oblath; Rohan Dayal (et al.)

Published: December 2021   Journal: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

There is concern about the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychosocial functioning among school-age children, who have faced unusual stressors during this time. This study's goal is to assess mental health symptoms and social risks during COVID-19, compared to before the pandemic, for urban, racial and ethnic minority school-age children, and investigate the relationship between mental health and social risks. It is a cohort study from September 2019 until January 2021 of children age 5–11 years old recruited from an urban safety net hospital-based pediatric primary care practice.

Parents’ experiences with a sick or injured child during the COVID-19 lockdown: an online survey in the Netherlands

AUTHOR(S)
Chantal D. Tan; Eveline K. Lutgert; Sarah Neill (et al.)

Published: December 2021   Journal: BMJ Open

This study aims to assess the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on parents’ health-seeking behaviour and care for a sick or injured child in the Netherlands. It is an online survey on parents’ experiences with a sick or injured child during the COVID-19 lockdown periods was disseminated through social media. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to analyse family and children’s characteristics, parents’ response to a sick or injured child, and the perceived impact of the lockdown on child’s severity of illness and treatment reported by parents. Analyses were stratified for children with and without chronic conditions.

Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic childhood obesity is still an epidemic-spotlight on obesity's multifactorial determinants

AUTHOR(S)
Katya Saliba; Sarah Cuschieri

Published: December 2021   Journal: Health Sciences Review

Childhood obesity is a global epidemic and a chronic disease. Multifactorial determinants have long been linked with childhood obesity. These have been challenged with the onset of COVID-19 and the associated mitigation measures. The study aimed to re-highlight these determinants while exploring the effects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on these pre-existing childhood obesity determinants, while providing evidence that may be beneficial for the post-COVID-19 recovery plan. A PubMed literature search (2016–2021) using the keywords, “childhood obesity”, “gender”, “sex”, “obesity in youth”, “obesity in adolescents”, “COVID-19″ and “SARS-CoV2” was performed.

Does the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic have an influence on the mental health and well-being of young people? A cross-sectional multicenter study

AUTHOR(S)
Zeliha Özlü-Erkilic; Oswald D. Kothgassner; Thomas Wenzel (et al.)

Published: December 2021   Journal: Int. J. Environ. Res. Public
The COVID-19 pandemic has been shown to have impaired the mental health and well-being of young people. This study, for the first time, explores these aspects in young people with and without a migratory background during the extended course of the pandemic and restrictive measures, comparing two countries with a high COVID-19 prevalence: Austria and Turkey. Methods: The authors used the “Psychological General Well-being” index as part of an anonymous online survey with 3665 participants (ages 15–25), recruited from both countries during the first and the second waves of the pandemic, collecting data on individual experiences and problems encountered during the pandemic
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COVID-19 & Children: Rapid Research Response

UNICEF Innocenti is mobilizing a rapid research response in line with UNICEF’s global response to the COVID-19 crisis. The initiatives we’ve begun will provide the broad range of evidence needed to inform our work to scale up rapid assessment, develop urgent mitigating strategies in programming and advocacy, and preparation of interventions to respond to the medium and longer-term consequences of the COVID-19 crisis. The research projects cover a rapid review of evidence, education analysis, and social and economic policies.