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Children and COVID-19 Research Library

UNICEF Innocenti's curated library of COVID-19 + Children research

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Spotlight on COVER: evaluating world vision’s COVID-19 emergency response through the experiences of key stakeholders
Institution: World Vision
Published: January 2023

World Vision’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic was the organisation’s largest ever in terms of geographic reach.  Launched March 11, 2020 - the day the World Health Organization declared the pandemic - the response spanned more than 70 countries and reached more than 81 million people over its two-and-a-half-year lifespan. In order to find out how effective the response was and what lessons needed to be learned World Vision consulted with 5,700 community members, health workers and faith leaders in eight countries, as well as staff from more than 50 offices.  The lessons showed what we got right and where we needed change or improve. This report also provided insights into the critical role our partners played in working with World Vision to reduce the spread of the disease, support health systems and staff, stand with children caught in the middle of the crises and advocate to protect the most vulnerable among them.

Understanding perceived risks and sexual behavior among adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic

AUTHOR(S)
Maria Trent; Jamie Perin; Hasiya Yusuf (et al.)

Published: January 2023   Journal: Journal of Adolescent Health
This paper sought to describe the relationship between COVID-19 risk perception and sexual behaviors among urban adolescents and young adults (AYA). Data were collected from 159 urban AYAs on COVID-19 risk perception, COVID-19 infections and deaths, romantic relationships, and sexual behavior during the stay-at-home order using a telephone survey. Seventy-nine percent of the study participants engaged in sexual intercourse during the stay-at-home order. Only 38% of these used condoms during their last sexual encounter. Experiencing COVID-19 positivity within their social circle was not related to COVID-19 testing. Concern for COVID-19 infection or experiencing a COVID-19 diagnosis or death in one's social circles was not associated with sexual intercourse or condom use.
Myopia progression among school-aged children in the COVID-19 distance-learning era

AUTHOR(S)
Yasser I. Althnayan; Nawal M. Almotairi; Manal M. Alharbi (et al.)

Published: January 2023   Journal: Clinical Ophthalmology
This study aimed to investigate the effect of online learning and other environmental factors on myopia progression during the Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). A retrospective cohort study from 2018 to 2021. Data from children aged 6– 14 were gathered during three visits: pre-pandemic, at the beginning, and during the pandemic. Demographics (hours spent on screens for educational, recreational purposes, outdoors, and type of screen), best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA), uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA), and cycloplegic refraction were gathered.
Factors associated with parental COVID-19 vaccine attitudes and intentions among a national sample of United States adults ages 18–45

AUTHOR(S)
Lakeshia Cousin; Stephanie Roberts; Naomi C. Brownstein (et al.)

Published: January 2023   Journal: About Journal of Pediatric Nursing
This study explored factors associated with parents' attitudes and intentions to seek information about the COVID-19 vaccine for their children (ages 0–18) and intentions to vaccinate their age-eligible children. As part of an anonymous online cross-sectional survey, parents' vaccine attitudes, COVID-19 vaccine intentions for their children, health literacy, health numeracy, and sociodemographic variables were assessed. Multivariable ordered logistic regression models identified factors associated with parents' COVID-19 vaccine intentions for their children.
Physical activity of Slovak adolescents during the "Second wave" of Covid-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

AUTHOR(S)
Stefan Adamcak; Pavol Bartik; Michal Marko

Published: January 2023   Journal: European Journal of Contemporary Education

An active participation in physical activity is associated with several elements of successful aging, including psychosocial health and well-being. Not getting enough physical activity and increased psychosocial health problems are observed worldwide especially during the first year of Covid-19 pandemic and for that reason, the present study was aimed at analyzing and comparing physical activity of Slovak adolescents during the second wave of Covid-19 pandemic. Standardized measure to estimate the habitual practice of physical activity (IPAQ-SF) was carried out through intentional sampling of 2375 Slovak adolescents (54.56 % of them adolescent girls), aged 17-19 years (mean 18.10 ± 0.60 years), attending the last year of grammar and vocational secondary schools of Slovakia. Basic descriptive statistics, chi-square test (χ2) and Two -Sample T-Test were used to analyze and compare the data.

Child flourishing, school engagement, physical activity and screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020

AUTHOR(S)
Wei Lyu; George L. Wehby

Published: January 2023   Journal: ACADEMIC PEDIATRICS
This study aims to examine changes in flourishing, school engagement, physical activity, and recreational screen time among school-aged children in the United States during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020. In this cross-sectional study, data come from the 2018–2020 National Survey of Children's Health for 68,203 children aged 6 to 17 years. Flourishing is always/usually curious to learn, resilient and having self-regulation. School engagement is always/usually completing homework and having interest in doing well in school. Other outcomes are daily 60+ minutes physical activity or number of such days, and daily recreational screen time or 2+ hours/day. Weighted regression models compare 2020 to 2019 and 2019 to 2018 adjusting for child/household covariates and state indicators.
Indirect effects of COVID-19 on maternal and child health in South Africa

AUTHOR(S)
Evelyn Thsehla; Adam Balusik; Micheal Kofi Boachie (et al.)

Published: January 2023   Journal: Global Health Action

The unfinished burden of poor maternal and child health contributes to the quadruple burden of disease in South Africa with the direct and indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic yet to be fully documented. This study aimed to investigate the indirect effects of COVID-19 on maternal and child health in different geographical regions and relative wealth quintiles. It estimated the effects of COVID-19 on maternal and child health from April 2020 to June 2021. It estimated this by calculating mean changes across facilities, relative wealth index (RWI) quintiles, geographical areas and provinces. To account for confounding by underlying seasonal or linear trends, we subsequently fitted a segmented fixed effect panel model.

The effects of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on children and youth with special health care needs

AUTHOR(S)
Mel Michaud; Irene Cihon Dietz

Published: January 2023   Journal: Frontiers in Pediatrics

This article seeks to review the current knowledge of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the health effects for children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN). COVID-19, an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), became a major pandemic in 2020. Recognition of the disease could be difficult, as symptoms in children are at times different than adults and can mimic other common childhood viral infections. Children with underlying medical conditions did make up a higher proportion of those hospitalized, but also were affected in other ways including loss of nursing support, missed education and rehabilitative services, and increased stress for themselves and their families, affecting mental health in this vulnerable population. This review seeks to address what is currently known about the overall effects on CYSHCN and their families, and identify gaps in research, including the implementation of health care systems, and possible suggestions for change in the educational and community supports for this group of individuals. Ongoing analysis of large national and international data sets, as well as smaller reports based on specific congenital anomaly, genetics disease, and acquired childhood illness, and then attention to local resources and family resilience is still necessary.

School immunization coverage in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: a retrospective cohort study

AUTHOR(S)
Hannah Sell; Yuba Raj Paudel; Donald Voaklander (et al.)

Published: January 2023   Journal: Vaccine

Few studies have assessed the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on immunization coverage for adolescents, and little is known about how coverage has changed throughout the pandemic. This study aimed to: (1) assess the change in coverage for school-based vaccines in Alberta, Canada resulting from the pandemic; (2) determine whether coverage differed by geographic health zone and school type; and (3) ascertain whether coverage has returned to pre-pandemic levels. Using a retrospective cohort design, this study used administrative health data to compare coverage for human papillomavirus (HPV) and meningococcal conjugate A, C, Y, W-135 (MenC-ACYW) vaccines between pre-pandemic (2017–2018 school year) and pandemic (2019–2020 and 2020–2021 school years) cohorts (N = 289,420). Coverage was also compared by health zone and authority type. The 2019–2020 cohort was followed over one year to assess catch-up.

Cite this research | Open access | Vol.: 41 | Issue: 7 | No. of pages: 1333-1341 | Language: English | Topics: Health | Tags: adolescent health, COVID-19, immunization, immunization programmes, infectious disease, pandemic, vaccination, vaccination policies | Countries: Canada
Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and factors associated with infection among adolescent men who have sex with men and transgender women in Salvador, Brazil

AUTHOR(S)
Carina C. Santos; Fernanda W. de M. Lima; Laio Magno (et al.)

Published: January 2023   Journal: BMC Public Health

Brazil was strongly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of the pandemic on sexual and gender minorities’ youth remains unknown. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated factors among adolescent men who have sex with men (AMSM) and transgender women (ATGW) participants of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis cohort study (PrEP1519). This is a cross-sectional design conducted between June and October 2020 in Salvador, Brazil. Serum samples were collected from AMSM and ATGW aged 16-21 years between June-October 2020. IgG and IgM anti-SARS-CoV-2 were detected by chemiluminescence immunoassay, and data were collected through a socio-behavioral questionnaire.

Increasing trend in violence-related trauma and suicide attempts among pediatric trauma patients: a 6-year analysis of trauma mechanisms and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic

AUTHOR(S)
Cecilia Maina; Stefano Piero Bernardo Cioffi; Michele Altomare (et al.)

Published: January 2023   Journal: Journal of Personalized Medicine
Trauma is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. During the COVID-19 pandemic (COVID-19), different trends for pediatric trauma (PT) were described. This study aims to explore the trend over time of PT in our center, also considering the effects of COVID-19, focusing on trauma mechanisms, violence-related trauma (VRT) and intentionality, especially suicide attempts (SAs). All PT patients accepted at Niguarda Trauma Center (NTC) in Milan from January 2015 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.
Cite this research | Open access | Vol.: 13 | Issue: 1 | No. of pages: 11 | Language: English | Topics: Health | Tags: child health, COVID-19 response, hospitalization, lockdown, social distance, traumatized children | Countries: Italy
Association between sleep duration and myopia among Chinese children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

AUTHOR(S)
Luoming Huang; Xuelan Chen; Jiajia Lin (et al.)

Published: January 2023   Journal: Frontiers in Public Health

The studies on the association between sleep duration and myopia are limited, and the evidence is inconsistent. This study aimed to evaluate the association between sleep duration and myopia, cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) and axial length (AL) among Chinese children during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The study was a cross-sectional study on Chinese children aged 6–18 years. The comprehensive ophthalmic examinations for children included cycloplegic SE, AL, and standardized questionnaires. The questionnaire included sleep duration, parental myopia, outdoor time, and continuous near work duration without breaks. Myopia was defined as SE ≤-0.50 diopters (D).

Cite this research | Open access | No. of pages: 8 | Language: English | Topics: Health | Tags: child health, COVID-19 response, health services, lockdown, social distance | Countries: China
Knowledge toward COVID-19 in children among undergraduate students at the beginning of COVID-19 era

AUTHOR(S)
Sawsan Abuhammad; Hossam Alhawatmeh; Ahlam Al-Natour (et al.)

Published: January 2023   Journal: Nursing Open

This study aimed to describe the level of knowledge of undergraduate students in Jordan toward COVID-19 in children in respect of the clinical signs of the disease, modes of transmission, protection measures against the disease and satisfaction with governmental measures. A cross-section was utilized in this study. An online survey questionnaire was utilized in this research study. All undergraduate students in Jordan were able to take part. The size of the sample was 799. Knowledge toward COVID-19 among children was used to assess the participants' knowledge about COVID-19.

Impact of implementing and lifting COVID-19 lockdown on study and physical activity patterns among youths in China

AUTHOR(S)
Shujuan Yang; Wanqi Yu; Peng Jia

Published: January 2023   Journal: Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness

The youths’ study and physical activity (PA) patterns may have been affected by lockdown measures due to COVID-19. This study aimed to reveal how youths’ study and PA patterns had changed after implementing and lifting COVID-19 lockdown in China. The COVID-19 Impact on Lifestyle Change Survey (COINLICS) was used, where 10,082 youth participants have voluntarily reported their study and PA patterns in the three periods before, during, and after COVID-19 lockdown. PA was measured as the weekly frequency of engaging in active transport for commuting/errands, leisure-time walking, leisure-time moderate-/vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA), and moderate-/vigorous-intensity housework (MVH); study patterns were measured as the daily average study time and the major study modes.

Effect of the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on oral health of Korean adolescents

AUTHOR(S)
Eun-Ha Jung; Ji-Hyun Min

Published: January 2023   Journal: International Journal of Dental Hygiene

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on Korean adolescents' oral health and identify the influential factors. The raw data from The Korea Youth Risk Behaviour Web-based Survey before (2019) and after (2020) the outbreak of COVID-19 were used in the study. Demographic characteristics and subjective general, mental, and oral health were analysed and compared between the 2 years. Further, the impact of changes in subjective mental health and the duration of indoor activity on oral health were analysed. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics, and all statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. The analysis was performed using the complex sample analysis module.

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UNICEF Innocenti's Children and COVID-19 Library is a database collecting research from around the world on COVID-19 and its impacts on children and adolescents.

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COVID-19 & Children: Rapid Research Response

UNICEF Innocenti is mobilizing a rapid research response in line with UNICEF’s global response to the COVID-19 crisis. The initiatives we’ve begun will provide the broad range of evidence needed to inform our work to scale up rapid assessment, develop urgent mitigating strategies in programming and advocacy, and preparation of interventions to respond to the medium and longer-term consequences of the COVID-19 crisis. The research projects cover a rapid review of evidence, education analysis, and social and economic policies.