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INSTITUTIONAL DRIVERS

COMMUNITY RISK FACTORS

INTERPERSONAL RISK FACTORS

Weak child protection systems or ineffective system response

19

Harmful cultural rites and religious doctrines relating to hierarchy, authority,

gender, and punishment

20-21

Quality of school relationships including lack of school connectedness,

teachers reinforcing or perpetrating violence

22-23

Poor school governance including lack of adequate training in pedagogical

skills and child development, under-resourced schools and teachers, unequal

application of school rules

25-26

Weak legal structure and/or ineffective policies to protect children, lack of

coordination between formal and informal justice mechanisms and service

providers (i.e. traditional leaders, community groups)

27-28

Early experience of violence and conflict before adolescence, including

witnessing domestic violence

39-43

Sex selection

44

Family stress including poverty and unemployment

45-46

Family structure including marital status, parental absence,

double-orphanhood

47-50

Family context such as parents’ histories of abuse, substance use, education,

occupation(s), financial status, illness/health

51-52

Quality of peer relationships inclusion/exclusion from same age networks

53

Quality of family relationships inclusion/exclusion from family/kin networks

54-55

Isolation or degree of family isolation

56

Urban and/or rural environments may have varying risks of violence

30-31

Harmful cultural practices and/or social norms that support violence, including

taboos

32-33

Quality of community relationships such as the lack of community

connectedness and trust; perceptions of community safety

34-35

Code of silence around all types of violence

36-37

Age and gender

are also central to this

study. A child’s vulnerability and ability

to protect herself from violence changes

over time with her evolving capacities. It

is important to recognise how girls and

boys may develop differently especially

as they move through childhood and into

adolescence.

71-72

There is no global consensus around

categorizing

children’s

and

young

people’s stages of life and regional or sub-

regional variations may also be expected.

The timeline used here is based on a

classification by PAHO* to illustrate how

boys and girls may proceed through the

stages of adolescence at different times.

INDIVIDUAL RISK FACTORS

Beliefs about gender roles or the acceptability of punishment and violence

58-61

Vulnerability due to age, ethnicity, or disability

62-65

Behavioural problems such as a lack of empathy and externalising these

behaviours among children

66-67

Biological sex

68

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

PRE-

ADOLESCENCE

YOUTH

YOUNG

ADULTHOOD

MIDDLE

ADOLESCENCE

MIDDLE

ADOLESCENCE

EARLY

ADOLESCENCE

LATE

ADOLESCENCE

EARLY

ADOLESCENCE

LATE

ADOLESCENCE

PRE-

ADOLESCENCE

YOUTH

YOUNG

ADULTHOOD

GIRLS

BOYS

Age

AGE AND GENDER

VIET NAM

Local authorities claim they do not have a complete understanding of trafficking of all

children, especially for boys aged 10-25 years, affecting both documentation and response.

29

ITALY

Trafficked Nigerian girls are threatened with retribution against themselves and relatives at

home if they try to escape or fail to pay back their debt; this includes the manipulative use of traditional

spiritual practices to maintain control over the girls and their families.

38

PERU

Some girls (aged 13-17 years old) involved in transactional sex persuade their female peers to

also engage in transactional sex.

57

ZIMBABWE

Girls, aged 13-17, are more likely to experience forced sex than boys of the same age.

69

VIET NAM

Boys, aged 5 – 9, are more likely to experience violent discipline in the home and school than

girls of the same age.

47,70

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* PAHO: Pan American Health Organization