Innocenti Research Report Child Work and Child Labour: The Impact of Educational Policies and Programmes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries AUTHOR(S) Chuka Emezue; Cristina Pozneanscaia; Greg Sheaf; Valeria Groppo; Shivit Bakrania; Josiah Kaplan Published: 2023 Innocenti Research Report Progress towards eliminating child labour stalled for the first time in 20 years from 2016 to 2020. This slowdown puts at risk the international community’s efforts to eliminate child labour by 2025. Action is needed.Child Work and Child Labour: The impact of educational policies and programmes in low- and middle-income countries is a rapid evidence assessment of the evidence on the effectiveness of educational policies and programmes in addressing child labour in low- and middle-income countries. It focuses on describing the causal impact of schooling programmes and policies on labour outcomes, based on experimental and quasi- experimental studies, and systematic reviews. To the extent information is available within the considered studies, it also identifies and discusses the main pathways and mechanisms of impact, as well as the programme design features that influence programme effectiveness.Find the accompanying evidence gap map here. + - Cite this publication | Thematic area: Child Work and Labour, Education | Tags: child education, child labour, labour, low income, middle-income countries × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Chuka Emezue; Cristina Pozneanscaia; Greg Sheaf; Valeria Groppo; Shivit Bakrania; Josiah Kaplan 2023 Child Work and Child Labour: The Impact of Educational Policies and Programmes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.
Policy Brief Eliminating Child Labour: Essential for Human Development and Ensuring Child Well-being AUTHOR(S) Ramya Subrahmanian; Josiah Kaplan; Valeria Groppo; A K Shiva Kumar; Anna Zongollowicz Published: 2022 Policy Brief The brief highlights the interlinkages between child labour and human development and describes how ending economic deprivations, universalizing school education, expanding the coverage and improve the adequacy of social protection systems, and ensuring private sector engagement in protecting child rights can effectively eliminate child labour and promote inclusive growth and development. Evidence-informed, multi-sectoral, scalable solutions are presented that can ensure children are protected from economic exploitation and end the perpetuation of long-term cumulative deprivation. The brief presents actionable policy recommendations for the G20, drawing from the most recent global research and evidence on ending child labour. Key takeways from the report include: The G20 can commit and lead the way in supporting: Expansion of child-sensitive social protection;Increased investments in strenghtening the availability and quality of education from foundational through elementary and secondary education;Strategies to end discriminatory social and gender norms;Equitable conditions and standards in the labour market, through collaboration between government regulators and private companies; and Strengthened child protection laws and systems ensuring identification, support, and school re-integration of children in child labour.Investment in research to further improve our understanding of the most promising, effective, and scalable strategies to accelerate results. + - Cite this publication | Thematic area: Child well-being, Child Work and Labour × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Ramya Subrahmanian; Josiah Kaplan; Valeria Groppo; A K Shiva Kumar; Anna Zongollowicz 2022 Eliminating Child Labour: Essential for Human Development and Ensuring Child Well-being.
Innocenti Working Papers The Impact of Educational Policies and Programmes on Child Work and Child Labour in Low- and-Middle-Income Countries: A rapid evidence assessment (Study Protocol) AUTHOR(S) Chuka Emezue; Cristina Pozneanscaia; Greg Sheaf; Valeria Groppo; Shivit Bakrania; Josiah Kaplan Published: 2021 Innocenti Working Papers There is increasing evidence on the importance of education access and quality for the abolition of child labour. However, to date, only a few evidence assessments have documented the effectiveness of educational policies and programmes with respect to child labour. This Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) aims to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive review of the effects of educational policies and programmes on child labour. With the objective to provide policy and programmatic recommendations, the review will focus on quantitative and mixed methods studies that identify causal effects. The REA will be complemented by an evidence gap map. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 35 | Thematic area: Child Work and Labour | Tags: child labour, educational policy, educational programmes, low-income countries, middle-income countries × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Chuka Emezue; Cristina Pozneanscaia; Greg Sheaf; Valeria Groppo; Shivit Bakrania; Josiah Kaplan 2021 The Impact of Educational Policies and Programmes on Child Work and Child Labour in Low- and-Middle-Income Countries: A rapid evidence assessment (Study Protocol). , pp. 35.
Innocenti Research Briefs Impact of the United Republic of Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net on Child Labour and Education AUTHOR(S) Jacobus de Hoop; Margaret W. Gichane; Valeria Groppo; Stephanie Simmons Zuilkowski Published: 2020 Innocenti Research Briefs In the United Republic of Tanzania, nearly 30 per cent of children engage in child labour.1 About 30 per cent of children do not attend school and another 20 per cent combine school and work. Although state schools do not charge fees, households still face schooling costs, including for uniforms, shoes, books and school materials. With funding from the United States Department of Labor, researchers at the UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti examined whether the PSSN leads to improved schooling and reduced engagement in child labour.2 To do so, the research team combined a quantitative impact evaluation with a qualitative study involving children and caregivers. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 5 | Thematic area: Child Work and Labour | Tags: child labour, school fees, social protection programmes × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Jacobus de Hoop; Margaret W. Gichane; Valeria Groppo; Stephanie Simmons Zuilkowski 2020 Impact of the United Republic of Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net on Child Labour and Education. , pp. 5.
Innocenti Working Papers Cash Transfers, Public Works and Child Activities: Mixed Methods Evidence from the United Republic of Tanzania AUTHOR(S) Jacobus de Hoop; Margaret W. Gichane; Valeria Groppo; Stephanie Simmons Zuilkowski Published: 2020 Innocenti Working Papers This paper examines the impact of the United Republic of Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) on child work and education. Targeting extremely poor households, the programme provides cash transfers that are partly conditional on the use of health and education services, along with a public works component. We relied on a cluster-randomized evaluation design, assigning villages to one of three study arms: cash transfers only; cash transfers combined with public works (i.e., the joint programme); and control. We complemented the quantitative analysis with findings from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with children and caregivers, involving a subsample of participants from all three study arms. Due to household investment of PSSN benefits in livestock, the programme caused a shift from work for pay outside the household to work within the household,mostly in livestock herding. The programme improved child education outcomes. These findings were echoed in the qualitative data – participants referred to working on family farms as being both safer for children and more beneficial for the family. Participants further discussed the importance of PSSN funds in paying for schooling costs. Impacts were generally no different for communities that received cash only and communities that received both cash and public works components. School dropout, however, decreased in villages where the joint programme was implemented but remained unchanged in villages receiving cash only. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 48 | Thematic area: Child Work and Labour | Tags: cash transfers, child education, child labour × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Jacobus de Hoop; Margaret W. Gichane; Valeria Groppo; Stephanie Simmons Zuilkowski 2020 Cash Transfers, Public Works and Child Activities: Mixed Methods Evidence from the United Republic of Tanzania. , pp. 48.
Innocenti Research Briefs Children’s Involvement in Housework: Is there a case of gender stereotyping? Evidence from the International Survey of Children's Well-Being AUTHOR(S) Zlata Bruckauf; Gwyther Rees Published: 2017 Innocenti Research Briefs Evidence from national studies in developed and developing countries suggests that girls spend more time on housework. The most common explanation relates to behaviour modelling as a mechanism of gender role reproduction: children form habits based on parental models. This brief shows that participation in household chores is an essential part of children’s lives. There is a common pattern of a gender gap between boys’ and girls’ daily participation in housework across a diverse range of socio-economic and cultural contexts in 12 high-income countries. The persistence of this gap points to gender stereotyping – a form of gender role reproduction within a family that potentially can reinforce inequalities over the life-course. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 3 | Thematic area: Child well-being, Child Work and Labour | Tags: child well-being, gender equality, household surveys, households, learning, socialization of children × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Zlata Bruckauf; Gwyther Rees 2017 Children’s Involvement in Housework: Is there a case of gender stereotyping? Evidence from the International Survey of Children's Well-Being . , pp. 3.
Innocenti Working Papers Commercial Pressures on Land and Their Impact on Child Rights: A review of the literature AUTHOR(S) Bethelhem Ketsela Moulat; Ian Brand-Weiner; Ereblina Elezaj; Lucia Luzi Published: 2012 Innocenti Working Papers This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature on the political economy of CPLs with the specific intention of mapping the relevant channels of impact on the rights and well-being of children living in rural areas where CPLs are fast-proliferating. Although there are some documented benefits, according to the large majority of the literature reviewed, the twin outcomes of displacement and dispossession are found to be critical negative socio-economic changes resulting from CPLs. In conjunction with a pervasive lack of transparency in the land transfer negotiation and implementation processes, the twin outcomes are in turn associated with a number of transmission channels that can impact the rights and well-being of children in affected rural communities. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 88 | Thematic area: Child Work and Labour, Children's Participation, Conflict and Displacement, Governance, Migration | Tags: business economics, displaced children, equal access, land acquisition, land speculation, marginality × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Bethelhem Ketsela Moulat; Ian Brand-Weiner; Ereblina Elezaj; Lucia Luzi 2012 Commercial Pressures on Land and Their Impact on Child Rights: A review of the literature. , pp. 88.
Innocenti Working Papers The Subterranean Child Labour Force: Subcontracted home-based manufacturing in Asia AUTHOR(S) Santosh Mehrotra; Mario Biggeri Published: 2002 Innocenti Working Papers Child labour is widespread in home based manufacturing activities in the informal sector in most developing countries. This form of child labour will not attract the penal provisions of a country’s laws banning child labour. This paper draws on surveys carried out in five Asian countries – two low-income (India, Pakistan) and three middle-income countries (Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand) – where production of manufactured goods is subcontracted to home based workers widely. It examines the incidence of child work in such households, the child’s schooling, reasons why children are working, their work conditions, their health, and gender issues. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 68 | Thematic area: Child Work and Labour | Tags: child labour, child workers, economic development, education × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Santosh Mehrotra; Mario Biggeri 2002 The Subterranean Child Labour Force: Subcontracted home-based manufacturing in Asia. , pp. 68.
Innocenti Working Papers Social Protection in the Informal Economy: Home based women workers and outsourced manufacturing in Asia AUTHOR(S) Santosh Mehrotra; Mario Biggeri Published: 2002 Innocenti Working Papers Home based work has a dual and contradictory character: on the one hand, as a source of income diversification for poor workers and the emergence of micro-enterprises, yet on the other, it is a source of exploitation of vulnerable workers as firms attempt to contain costs. This paper examines the social protection needs of women workers in this sector, and also argues for public action to promote such work as a possible new labour intensive growth strategy in these and other developing countries. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 84 | Thematic area: Child Work and Labour, Gender Issues | Tags: child labour, child workers, women workers, women's programmes, women's rights, women's status × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Santosh Mehrotra; Mario Biggeri 2002 Social Protection in the Informal Economy: Home based women workers and outsourced manufacturing in Asia. , pp. 84.
Innocenti Working Papers What is the Effect of Child Labour on Learning Achievement? Evidence from Ghana AUTHOR(S) Christopher Heady Published: 2000 Innocenti Working Papers This paper analyzes the links between child labour and poor school performance, using data gathered in Ghana in recent years. Author Christopher Heady moves away from conventional studies on child labour and education, which tend to focus on low school enrolment and attendance. He goes further, to examine the day to day impact of child labour on those in school, finding that, as well as leaving children too tired to learn, child labour robs them of their interest in learning. Children who are already contributing economically to their family income may be less interested in academic achievement, resulting in lack of motivation that affects both their learning and their future prospects. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 40 | Thematic area: Child Work and Labour | Tags: child labour, education, right to education | Publisher: Innocenti Research Centre × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Christopher Heady 2000 What is the Effect of Child Labour on Learning Achievement? Evidence from Ghana. , pp. 40.
Innocenti Digest Les enfants domestiques Published: 1999 Innocenti Digest Les enfants employés en tant que domestiques constituent sans doute le groupe le plus important de toutes les catégories d'enfants au travail dans le monde. Pourtant, ce n'est que tout récemment que les milieux qui luttent contre le travail des enfants ont commencé à consacrer à ce phénomène toute l'attention qu'il mérite. Dans les pays industrialisés ainsi que dans certains pays émergents, le nombre d'enfants employés de maison a connu une baisse régulière. Dans d'autres régions du monde, en revanche, les forces de l'offre et de la demande qui précipitent femmes et enfants dans des emplois de domestiques semblent pousser en sens contraire. Ce Digest donne des informations sur les différentes formes de travail des enfants employés en tant que domestiques, l'ampleur du phénomène, les effets du travail domestique sur les enfants aussi bien psychologiques que physiques. Faisant le point sur des projets et des actions en faveur de ces enfants, cette publication entame un 'forum' de discussions par un article: Commencer par le commencement. Tout en identifiant les problèmes qui peuvent surgir dans la lutte contre cette forme d'exploitation, cet article souligne qu'il faut réfléchir avec attention aux mesures à entreprendre au nom des enfants domestiques si l'on entend réellement avoir une action efficace plutôt que de provoquer des controverses stériles. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 20 | Thematic area: Child Work and Labour | Tags: child abuse, child workers, children's rights, domestic workers | Publisher: UNICEF ICDC, Florence × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION 1999 Les enfants domestiques. , pp. 20.
Innocenti Digest Trabajo Doméstico Infantil Published: 1999 Innocenti Digest El quinto Innocenti Digest se ocupa del grupo de trabajadores infantiles que probablemente sea el más numeroso y también el más desatendido: el de los trabajadores domésticos infantiles. Los escasos estudios disponibles relativos a esta 'mano de obra invisible' indican que en el 90% de los casos se trata de niñas, en su mayor parte de 12 a 17 años de edad, y a veces con jornadas laborales de 15 horas. Además de ser una de las ocupaciones más antiguas del mundo, el trabajo doméstico infantil está volviéndose objeto de un comercio cada vez más vasto; en varias sociedades, aún se considera que los trabajadores domésticos infantiles son beneficiarios de 'cuidados' y no víctimas de explotación. Un comentario de Anti-Slavery International recuerda que en la búsqueda de soluciones "no se puede hacer nada para mejorar la situación de los trabajadores domésticos infantiles a menos que se implique a los empleadores". + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 20 | Thematic area: Child Work and Labour | Tags: child abuse, child workers, children's rights, domestic workers | Publisher: Innocenti Research Centre × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION 1999 Trabajo Doméstico Infantil. , pp. 20.