Innocenti Working Papers Incidences de la crise economique mondiale de 2008/09 et des options de la politique de reponse sur la pauvreté des enfants au Cameroun AUTHOR(S) Sami Bibi; John Cockburn; Christian Arnault Emini; Luca Tiberti; Ismaël Fofana; Paul Ningaye Published: 2010 Innocenti Working Papers Cette étude vise, d’une part, à explorer les effets potentiels de la crise économique mondiale de 2008/09 sur la pauvreté des enfants au Cameroun. D’autre part, elle a pour but d’explorer les effets potentiels, sur cette même population-cible, des politiques qui seraient prises en réponse à ladite crise. Pour ce faire l’étude utilise une approche méthodologique top/down où, dans un premier temps, un modèle d’équilibre général calculable (EGC) de dynamique récursive est employé pour simuler les divers scénarios de crise économique et de politiques de réponse à la crise, en prenant en compte les différents canaux de transmission de la crise mondiale à l’économie camerounaise. Par la suite, les résultats produits par le modèle EGC sont utilisés dans un module micro-économétrique afin d'évaluer l’incidence des chocs simulés, sur les ménages en général et les enfants en particulier. Cinque dimensions de pauvreté des enfants sont examinées: la pauvreté monétaire; la pauvreté calorique; le taux de scolarité et/ou de participation des enfants au travail; enfin, l’accès des enfants aux soins de santé. Quatre politiques alternatives de réponse à cette crise sont simulées: une réduction de la TVA prélevée sur la vente des produits alimentaires; une suppression des droits de douane appliqués sur les importations de produits alimentaires; la gratuité de l’inscription des enfants de moins de 15 ans aux cantines scolaires dans les districts où le taux de pauvreté monétaire est supérieur au taux national; l’octroi de transferts en espèces aux ménages don’t les enfants sont pauvres. L’octroi des transferts en espèces se révèle comme étant la plus efficace des quatre politiques de réponse susmentionnées, bien que cette politique soit la plus inefficace de toutes pour améliorer le taux de croissance du PIB réel. Par ailleurs, les effets des transferts sur le plan de la scolarité, de la participation des enfants au travail et sur l’accès de ces derniers aux soins de santé sont globalement meilleurs bien que légers. Derrière la politique des transferts en espèces, celle de la subvention des cantines scolaires, avec pourtant un coût relativement bas, donne aussi une réponse considérablement bénéfique face à la crise, surtout sur le plan de la pauvreté calorique; tandis que les deux autres politiques s’avèrent inefficaces, quelle que soit la dimension de la pauvreté considérée. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 70 | Thematic area: Child Poverty | Tags: child education, child health, child labour, child poverty, econometric models, economic crisis, hunger, social protection × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Sami Bibi; John Cockburn; Christian Arnault Emini; Luca Tiberti; Ismaël Fofana; Paul Ningaye 2010 Incidences de la crise economique mondiale de 2008/09 et des options de la politique de reponse sur la pauvreté des enfants au Cameroun. , pp. 70.
Innocenti Working Papers Simulating the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis and Policy Responses on Children in Ghana AUTHOR(S) Ismaël Fofana; John Cockburn; Luca Tiberti; Edgar A. Cooke; Daniel K. Twerefou; Theodore Antwi-Asare Published: 2010 Innocenti Working Papers Like many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Ghana is experiencing the impact of the global crisis and the uncertain economic outlook. Indeed, as Ghana’s economy is among the most open in Africa, it is expected that the country has been and will continue to be severely affected by the crisis, although strong export prices of its main exports (gold and cocoa) may at least partially counteract the effects associated with the crisis. The main goal of this paper is to understand the potential impacts of the 2008/9 global crisis on different dimensions of child poverty (monetary, hunger, school participation, child labour and access to health services) in Ghana and to support the policy-maker in designing the most appropriate policy response to counteract the negative effects of the crisis. As timely data are not available, a combined macro-micro economic model to predict the impact of the global crisis on children was developed. Simulations suggest that the financial crisis would increase monetary poverty and hunger across all regions of Ghana, eroding many of the gains made over the past few years. Indeed, in comparison with the year preceding the crisis, instead of a reduction of four percentage points in child monetary poverty in 2011 predicted in the absence of crisis, the simulations indicate a 6.6 percentage point increase, with a continuous increasing pattern over the period of study. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 43 | Thematic area: Child Poverty | Tags: child education, child health, child labour, child poverty, econometric models, economic crisis, hunger, social protection × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Ismaël Fofana; John Cockburn; Luca Tiberti; Edgar A. Cooke; Daniel K. Twerefou; Theodore Antwi-Asare 2010 Simulating the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis and Policy Responses on Children in Ghana. , pp. 43.
Innocenti Working Papers Impacts of the Global Crisis and Policy Responses on Child Well-being: A macro-micro simulation framework AUTHOR(S) Sami Bibi; John Cockburn; Ismaël Fofana; Luca Tiberti Published: 2010 Innocenti Working Papers This paper outlines the methodology of a UNICEF research project on the impact of the global economic crisis on children in Western and Central Africa, which can also be applied to study the effects of other socio-economic shocks on households and particularly on children in developing countries. To understand the nature and the extent of the effects of a crisis in developing countries requires a rigorous analysis of the transmission mechanisms at both the macro and micro levels. This paper provides a tool to attempt to predict ex ante the impacts of the crisis, and possible policy responses, on households and their children. As timely data monitoring child well-being are not readily available to guide the rapid implementation of policies to protect children, a predictive model was developed that anticipates the impacts of the crisis on various essential dimensions of child wellbeing. Specifically, this paper proposes and discusses a combined macro-micro model following a top-down approach. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 40 | Thematic area: Child Poverty | Tags: child education, child health, child labour, child poverty, econometric models, economic crisis, hunger, social protection × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Sami Bibi; John Cockburn; Ismaël Fofana; Luca Tiberti 2010 Impacts of the Global Crisis and Policy Responses on Child Well-being: A macro-micro simulation framework. , pp. 40.
Innocenti Working Papers L'impact de la hausse des prix des produits alimentaires sur la pauvreté des enfants et les reponses politiques au Mali AUTHOR(S) Sami Bibi; Massa Coulibaly; John Cockburn; Luca Tiberti Published: 2009 Innocenti Working Papers Depuis 2006, le Mali subit de plein fouet les effets de la crise alimentaire mondiale avec des augmentations de prix allant jusqu'à 67%. Cette étude propose des simulations des impacts de cette crise et de diverses politiques de réponse sur le bien-être des enfants. Les impacts analysés se situent au niveau de la pauvreté monétaire (alimentaire), la nutrition, l'éducation, le travail et l'accès aux services de santé des enfants. Selon les simulations, chez les enfants la pauvreté alimentaire aura augmenté de 41 à 51% et le taux d'insuffisance calorique de 32 à 40%, alors que les impacts sur leur participation scolaire, leur travail et leur accès aux services de santé auront été assez faibles. Pour préparer une réponse adéquate, le gouvernement doit tout d'abord identifier les individus pauvres à protéger sur la base d'un nombre restreint de caractéristiques sociodémographiques facilement observables. Dans cette étude, une méthode de ciblage est proposée. Toutefois, les simulations du modèle de ciblage montrent qu’environ un quart des enfants pauvres sont exclus par erreur (souscouverture), alors que plus du tiers des enfants non-pauvres sont inclus par erreur (fuites). Ces erreurs de ciblage, qui augmentent proportionnellement lorsqu'on vise les pauvres extrêmes, réduisent l'impact et augmentent les coûts de toute intervention politique. Cela dit, il est à noter que les fuites peuvent quand même agir au niveau de l'insuffisance calorique, de la participation scolaire, du travail des enfants et de l'accès aux services de santé où les besoins ne se trouvent pas exclusivement du côté des enfants pauvres. Le ciblage des enfants ou même des sous-groupes, par âge, d'enfants se bute au problème de la diffusion probable des bénéfices aux autres membres du ménage. De plus, pour des décisions concernant le travail, l'éducation et l'accès aux services de santé, c'est le revenu total du ménage qui est déterminant. La politique de cantines scolaires se révèle particulièrement efficace du fait qu'elle concentre tous les fonds publics consentis exclusivement sur la consommation alimentaire hautement nutritive, alors que des transferts en espèces aux ménages peuvent servir à diverses fins. De plus, il est probable qu'elle ait des impacts souhaitables sur la scolarisation et le travail des enfants. Toutefois, certaines mises en garde s'imposent sur l'exclusion des enfants qui ne participent pas à l'école, la difficulté de cibler uniquement les enfants pauvres et la possibilité que l'enfant se voit réduire proportionnellement ses rations alimentaires à l’intérieur du ménage. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 93 | Thematic area: Child Poverty | Tags: child health, child labour, child poverty, economic crisis, education, food crisis, nutrition × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Sami Bibi; Massa Coulibaly; John Cockburn; Luca Tiberti 2009 L'impact de la hausse des prix des produits alimentaires sur la pauvreté des enfants et les reponses politiques au Mali. , pp. 93.
Innocenti Working Papers Independent Child Migrants in Developing Countries: Unexplored links in migration and development AUTHOR(S) Shahin Yaqub Published: 2009 Innocenti Working Papers This paper focuses on independent migrant children, defined as below 18 years old, who choose to move from home and live at destinations without a parent or adult guardian. It summarises quantitative and qualitative research, and uses this to reflect on research agendas and global debates towards linking migration and development. The paper surveys historical evidence on linkages between children’s migration and societal development in earlier periods of modernisation, and identifies parallels to contemporary developing countries. The contemporary situation in developing countries is described in terms of: (1) numerical scale; (2) individual and family characteristics of the children involved; (3) decision-makers and decision-making processes in children’s movements; (4) why it happens, including from children’s viewpoints; (5) modes of movements; and (6) situations of children at destinations. The paper considers the extent to which children may demand migration opportunities, and how this demand may be met partly with forms of movement specific to children. Research strategies are discussed to provide a bridge to development issues, including conceptualization of children’s independent movements, children’s labour migration, migration statistics and selection of who migrates. A final section draws on the review to reflect on global debates in child development and societal development. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 91 | Thematic area: Child Poverty | Tags: migrant children, migrant families, migration, unaccompanied children × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Shahin Yaqub 2009 Independent Child Migrants in Developing Countries: Unexplored links in migration and development. , pp. 91.
Innocenti Working Papers Positive Indicators of Child Well-being: A conceptual framework, measures and methodological issues AUTHOR(S) Kristin Anderson Moore; Laura H. Lippman; Hugh McIntosh Published: 2009 Innocenti Working Papers This paper highlights a number of frameworks for positive indicator development which examine the positive well-being of children. Based upon this review, it suggests a new comprehensive framework which identifies constructs for positive well-being as well as potential indicators and extant measures that fit with those constructs. In addition, the paper reviews existing data sources for examples of positive measures that are found in the proposed framework as well as research studies that have been successful in measuring these indicators. The paper then notes the data and measurement gaps that exist in comprehensively measuring the positive in children and youth. Finally, it identifies a number of conceptual and methodological issues that need consideration as efforts to define and measure positive indicators of well-being and well-becoming go forward. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 100 | Thematic area: Child Poverty | Tags: child development, child well-being, indicators × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Kristin Anderson Moore; Laura H. Lippman; Hugh McIntosh 2009 Positive Indicators of Child Well-being: A conceptual framework, measures and methodological issues. , pp. 100.
Innocenti Discussion Papers Children's Perspectives on Economic Adversity: A review of the literature AUTHOR(S) Gerry Redmond Published: 2008 Innocenti Discussion Papers This paper reviews some of the recent qualitative literature on children's perspectives on economic disadvantage. The idea of asking people who experience disadvantage about their own situations is still a relatively new one in the social sciences, and the idea of asking children about their own perceptions of economic and social disadvantage is even more recent. Nine analyses, all published since 1998, and all of them involving in-depth interviews or group work with children aged between 5 and 17, are examined in detail. Most of these studies develop frameworks based on the 'new sociology of childhood', which emphasises the social construction of childhood and children's agency in the context of child-adult relations. The nine studies cover a number of issues related to economic disadvantage, including exclusion from activities and peer groups at school and in the community; perceptions of 'poor' and 'affluent' children; participation in organized activities outside of school hours; methods of coping with financial hardship; support for parents in coping and in seeking and keeping employment, and aspirations for future careers and lives. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 23 | Thematic area: Child Poverty | Tags: children's opinion, disadvantaged children, economic discrimination, literature surveys × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Gerry Redmond 2008 Children's Perspectives on Economic Adversity: A review of the literature. , pp. 23.
Innocenti Report Card A transição dos cuidados na primeira infância. Uma tabela classificativa dos serviços de educação e cuidados na primeira infância nos países economicamente desenvolvidos AUTHOR(S) Peter Adamson Published: 2008 Innocenti Report Card A geração actualmente em formação é a primeira em que uma maioria passa grande parte da primeira infância em alguma estrutura de cuidados for a de casa. Ao mesmo tempo, as investigações da neurociência estão a demonstrar que as relações afectuosas, estáveis, seguras e estimulantes com as pessoas que cuidam da criança nos primeiros meses e anos de vida são cruciais para todos os aspectos do seu desenvolvimento. Considerados em conjunto, estes dois desenvolvimentos confrontam o público e os autores das políticas dos países da OCDE com questões urgentes. Saber se a transição para os cuidados for a de casa irá representar um avanço ou um recuo – para as crianças de hoje em dia e para o mundo de amanhã – dependerá das respostas a essas questões. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 40 | Thematic area: Child Poverty, Industrialized Countries | Tags: child care, child care services, early childhood, early childhood development, early childhood education, right to care and protection, right to child care services, right to education × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Peter Adamson 2008 A transição dos cuidados na primeira infância. Uma tabela classificativa dos serviços de educação e cuidados na primeira infância nos países economicamente desenvolvidos. , pp. 40.
Innocenti Working Papers Comparing Child Well-Being in OECD Countries: Concepts and methods AUTHOR(S) Jonathan Bradshaw; Petra Hoelscher; Dominic Richardson Published: 2007 Innocenti Working Papers This paper is produced alongside Innocenti Report Card 7 "Child Well-being in Rich Countries". It provides more detail on how the indicators were chosen for the Report Card, and how they were combined into components and then into dimensions. It also provides additional analysis to complement the Report Card. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 117 | Thematic area: Child Poverty | Tags: behaviour, child poverty, child welfare, education, social indicators, statistical analysis × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Jonathan Bradshaw; Petra Hoelscher; Dominic Richardson 2007 Comparing Child Well-Being in OECD Countries: Concepts and methods. , pp. 117.
Innocenti Working Papers Overview of Child Well-Being in Germany: Policy towards a supportive environment for children AUTHOR(S) Hans Bertram Published: 2007 Innocenti Working Papers Children’s opportunities to develop according to their talents and competencies and to establish trust in the adults with whom they live, their neighbourhoods, kindergardens, schools and municipalities crucially influence the future of the society in which they grow up. Yet, international comparisons have until recently centred on resource availability, material well-being and health outcomes. However, initiatives such as the OECD/PISA and WHO surveys of ‘healthy lifestyles among school-aged children’ have explored child well-being along several dimensions. In the case of Germany child well-being appears to be more advanced in the western than the eastern regions of the country, and in the south compared to the north. On the basis of the analysis a series of policy recommendations may be identified for the federal states and the municipalities concerning dimensions of child well-being which deserve special attention in their particular regional context. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 50 | Thematic area: Child Poverty | Tags: behaviour, child poverty, child welfare, education, social indicators, statistical analysis × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Hans Bertram 2007 Overview of Child Well-Being in Germany: Policy towards a supportive environment for children. , pp. 50.
Innocenti Working Papers Zur Lage der Kinder in Deutschland: Politik für Kinder als Zukunftsgestaltung AUTHOR(S) Hans Bertram Published: 2007 Innocenti Working Papers Die Chancen von Kindern, sich in ihrer Lebensumwelt entsprechend ihren Fähigkeiten und Kompetenzen entwickeln zu können und Vertrauen zu den Erwachsenen aufzubauen, mit denen sie in Elternhaus, Nachbarschaft, Kindergarten, Schule und Gemeinde zusammenleben oder zusammen sind, entscheiden auch über die Zukunft der Gesellschaft, in der sie aufwachsen. Internationale Vergleiche stellten lange fast ausschließlich das materielle Risiko von Kindern in den Mittelpunkt. Die Bildungsvergleiche der OECD/PISA und die Übersichten der WHO zu gesundheitsbezogenen Verhaltensweisen von Schulkindern haben die Perspektive erweitert. Darauf aufbauend vergleicht die Innocenti Report Card 7 (2007) ‘Child Poverty in Perspective: An Overview of Child-wellbeing in Rich Countries’ die Situation von Kindern anhand der sechs Dimensionen: Materielle Lage, Gesundheit und Sicherheit, Bildung, die Beziehungen zu Eltern und Freunden, die Risiken im Alltag und das subjektive Wohlbefinden von Kindern. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 50 | Thematic area: Child Poverty | Tags: behaviour, child poverty, child welfare, education, social indicators, statistical analysis × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Hans Bertram 2007 Zur Lage der Kinder in Deutschland: Politik für Kinder als Zukunftsgestaltung. , pp. 50.
Innocenti Report Card Child Poverty in Perspective: An overview of child well-being in rich countries Published: 2007 Innocenti Report Card This report builds and expands upon the analyses of Report Card No. 6 which considered relative income poverty affecting children and policies to mitigate it. Report Card 7 provides a pioneering, comprehensive picture of child well being through the consideration of six dimensions: material well-being, health and safety, education, family and peer relationships, subjective well-being, behaviours and lifestyles informed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child and relevant academic literature. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 52 | Thematic area: Child Poverty | Tags: child education, child health, child poverty, child safety, child welfare, children's opinion, industrialized countries, right to adequate standard of living × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION 2007 Child Poverty in Perspective: An overview of child well-being in rich countries. , pp. 52.