Innocenti Research Report Child Work and Child Labour: The Impact of Educational Policies and Programmes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries AUTHOR(S) Chuka Emezue; Cristina Pozneanscaia; Greg Sheaf; Valeria Groppo; Shivit Bakrania; Josiah Kaplan Published: 2023 Innocenti Research Report Progress towards eliminating child labour stalled for the first time in 20 years from 2016 to 2020. This slowdown puts at risk the international community’s efforts to eliminate child labour by 2025. Action is needed.Child Work and Child Labour: The impact of educational policies and programmes in low- and middle-income countries is a rapid evidence assessment of the evidence on the effectiveness of educational policies and programmes in addressing child labour in low- and middle-income countries. It focuses on describing the causal impact of schooling programmes and policies on labour outcomes, based on experimental and quasi- experimental studies, and systematic reviews. To the extent information is available within the considered studies, it also identifies and discusses the main pathways and mechanisms of impact, as well as the programme design features that influence programme effectiveness.Find the accompanying evidence gap map here. + - Cite this publication | Thematic area: Child Work and Labour, Education | Tags: child education, child labour, labour, low income, middle-income countries × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Chuka Emezue; Cristina Pozneanscaia; Greg Sheaf; Valeria Groppo; Shivit Bakrania; Josiah Kaplan 2023 Child Work and Child Labour: The Impact of Educational Policies and Programmes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.
Innocenti Research Report Drivers of Primary School Dropout in Mozambique: Longitudinal assessment of school dropout in 2019 AUTHOR(S) Javier Santiago Ortiz Correa; Rafael Pontuschka; Jessica Bergmann; Thomas Dreesen; Zlata Bruckauf Published: 2022 Innocenti Research Report The Avaliação Longitudinal da Desistência Escolar (ALDE, Longitudinal Assessment of School Dropout) is the first nationally representative mixed-method longitudinal survey in Mozambique. Since 2018, the ALDE survey has annually collected longitudinal, nationally representative data from around 5,400 primary school students (from grades 1 to 7) in 60 schools across all eleven provinces in the country. This report presents the results of the quantitative data collected in 2019 and focuses on the determinants of school dropouts in the country. When children leave school prematurely, not only is their learning interrupted, but the trajectories of their future opportunities and lives are forever altered. This report explores the multidimensional process of school dropouts, investigating how individual, household, community and school-level factors interact to lead children in Mozambique to dropout of education. Through this analysis, the report provides important and actionable recommendations to improve education policy in Mozambique towards its journey to achieve learning for every child. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 67 | Thematic area: Education | Tags: child education, child labour, child safety, drop-outs, education, gender issues, hygiene, mozambique, safety, sanitation, teachers, water × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Javier Santiago Ortiz Correa; Rafael Pontuschka; Jessica Bergmann; Thomas Dreesen; Zlata Bruckauf 2022 Drivers of Primary School Dropout in Mozambique: Longitudinal assessment of school dropout in 2019. , pp. 67.
Innocenti Working Papers The Impact of Educational Policies and Programmes on Child Work and Child Labour in Low- and-Middle-Income Countries: A rapid evidence assessment (Study Protocol) AUTHOR(S) Chuka Emezue; Cristina Pozneanscaia; Greg Sheaf; Valeria Groppo; Shivit Bakrania; Josiah Kaplan Published: 2021 Innocenti Working Papers There is increasing evidence on the importance of education access and quality for the abolition of child labour. However, to date, only a few evidence assessments have documented the effectiveness of educational policies and programmes with respect to child labour. This Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) aims to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive review of the effects of educational policies and programmes on child labour. With the objective to provide policy and programmatic recommendations, the review will focus on quantitative and mixed methods studies that identify causal effects. The REA will be complemented by an evidence gap map. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 35 | Thematic area: Child Work and Labour | Tags: child labour, educational policy, educational programmes, low-income countries, middle-income countries × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Chuka Emezue; Cristina Pozneanscaia; Greg Sheaf; Valeria Groppo; Shivit Bakrania; Josiah Kaplan 2021 The Impact of Educational Policies and Programmes on Child Work and Child Labour in Low- and-Middle-Income Countries: A rapid evidence assessment (Study Protocol). , pp. 35.
Miscellanea Best of UNICEF Research and Evaluation 2020 Published: 2020 Miscellanea Evidence and objective assessment are needed more than ever to help enhance the rights and well-being of the world’s children. Researching the changing world around us and evaluating progress are two sides of the same coin, both critical to reimagining a better future for children. In recognition of this, UNICEF celebrates and showcases innovative and influential research and evaluations from our offices around the world every year. For 2020, Innocenti and the Evaluation Office joined forces to find the most rigorous UNICEF studies with greatest influence on policies and programmes that benefit children. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 164 | Thematic area: Knowledge management | Tags: adolescents, birth registration, breastfeeding, cash transfers, child labour, child poverty, child protection, early childhood development, humanitarian emergencies, hygiene, institutionalized children, internet, migration, nutrition, pandemic, policy issues, primary education, sanitation, unaccompanied children, water × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION 2020 Best of UNICEF Research and Evaluation 2020. , pp. 164.
Innocenti Research Briefs Impact of the United Republic of Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net on Child Labour and Education AUTHOR(S) Jacobus de Hoop; Margaret W. Gichane; Valeria Groppo; Stephanie Simmons Zuilkowski Published: 2020 Innocenti Research Briefs In the United Republic of Tanzania, nearly 30 per cent of children engage in child labour.1 About 30 per cent of children do not attend school and another 20 per cent combine school and work. Although state schools do not charge fees, households still face schooling costs, including for uniforms, shoes, books and school materials. With funding from the United States Department of Labor, researchers at the UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti examined whether the PSSN leads to improved schooling and reduced engagement in child labour.2 To do so, the research team combined a quantitative impact evaluation with a qualitative study involving children and caregivers. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 5 | Thematic area: Child Work and Labour | Tags: child labour, school fees, social protection programmes × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Jacobus de Hoop; Margaret W. Gichane; Valeria Groppo; Stephanie Simmons Zuilkowski 2020 Impact of the United Republic of Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net on Child Labour and Education. , pp. 5.
Innocenti Research Briefs How Do Cash Transfers Affect Child Work and Schooling? Surprising evidence from Malawi, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia AUTHOR(S) Jacobus de Hoop; Valeria Groppo Published: 2020 Innocenti Research Briefs Cash transfers supplement household income, but can they also reduce child labour? With generous funding from the United States Department of Labor, researchers at the UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti evaluated the impact of three large-scale, government cash transfer programmes to answer this question. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 7 | Thematic area: Social Protection, Well-being and Equity | Tags: child labour, schooling, social protection × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Jacobus de Hoop; Valeria Groppo 2020 How Do Cash Transfers Affect Child Work and Schooling? Surprising evidence from Malawi, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia. , pp. 7.
Innocenti Working Papers Impacts of Pandemics and Epidemics on Child Protection: Lessons learned from a rapid review in the context of COVID-19 AUTHOR(S) Shivit Bakrania; Cirenia Chávez; Alessandra Ipince; Matilde Rocca; Sandy Oliver; Claire Stansfield; Ramya Subrahmanian Published: 2020 Innocenti Working Papers This rapid review collates and synthesizes evidence on the child protection impacts of COVID-19 and previous pandemics, epidemics and infectious disease outbreaks. It provides lessons for global and national responses to COVID19 and recommendations for future research priorities. The evidence on the impacts of pandemics and epidemics on child protection outcomes is limited and skewed towards studies on the effects of HIV/AIDS on stigma. There is also some evidence on the effects of Ebola on outcomes such as orphanhood, sexual violence and exploitation, and school enrolment, attendance and dropout. The evidence on other pandemics or epidemics, including COVID-19, is extremely limited.There are various pathways through which infectious disease outbreaks can exacerbate vulnerabilities, generate new risks and result in negative outcomes for children. Outcomes are typically multi-layered, with immediate outcomes for children, families and communities - such as being orphaned, stigmatization and discrimination and reductions in household income - leading to further negative risks and outcomes for children in the intermediate term. These risks include child labour and domestic work, harmful practices (including early marriage), and early and adolescent pregnancy. Lessons from previous pandemics and epidemics suggest that the following could mitigate the child protection risks:Responding to children in vulnerable circumstances, including orphans (e.g. throughpsychosocial interventions focused on improving mental health and community-based interventions that provide families with resources and access to services)Responding to stigmatization and discrimination (e.g. throughinformation and communication campaigns and support from public health systems, communities and schools)Investing in social protectionenable livelihoods during outbreaks and to counteract shocksPromoting access to health, protective and justice services, which may be restricted or suspending during infectious disease outbreaksEnsuring continued access to education, particularly for girls, who may be adversely affectedThere is a high burden of proof for data collection during the current COVID-19 outbreak than there would be in normal circumstances. Evidence generation strategies during and after the COVID-19 crisis should consider rigorous retrospective reviews and building upon monitoring, evidence and learning functions of pre-existing programmes – particularly where there is ongoing longitudinal data collection. There should also be efforts to synthesize evidence from existing research on the effectiveness of interventions that respond to the key risk pathways identified in this review. The research brief can be found here.Access the Evidence Gap Map on child protection and violence outcomes here.Access the study protocol here. + - Cite this publication | Thematic area: Child Protection | Tags: child labour, child protection, COVID-19, COVID-19 response, education, HIV and AIDS, mental health, outbreak preparedness, pandemic, public policy, school dropouts × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Shivit Bakrania; Cirenia Chávez; Alessandra Ipince; Matilde Rocca; Sandy Oliver; Claire Stansfield; Ramya Subrahmanian 2020 Impacts of Pandemics and Epidemics on Child Protection: Lessons learned from a rapid review in the context of COVID-19.
Innocenti Research Briefs Research Brief: Impacts of Pandemics and Epidemics on Child Protection: Lessons learned from a rapid review in the context of COVID-19 AUTHOR(S) Shivit Bakrania; Ramya Subrahmanian Published: 2020 Innocenti Research Briefs This research brief summarizes the findings of a rapid review that collates and synthesizes evidence on the child protection impacts of COVID-19 and previous pandemics, epidemics and infectious disease outbreaks. It provides lessons for global and national responses to COVID19 and recommendations for future research priorities. The evidence on the impacts of pandemics and epidemics on child protection outcomes is limited and skewed towards studies on the effects of HIV/AIDS on stigma. There is also some evidence on the effects of Ebola on outcomes such as orphanhood, sexual violence and exploitation, and school enrolment, attendance and dropout. The evidence on other pandemics or epidemics, including COVID-19. is extremely limited.There are various pathways through which infectious disease outbreaks can exacerbate vulnerabilities, generate new risks and result in negative outcomes for children. Outcomes are typically multi-layered, with immediate outcomes for children, families and communities - such as being orphaned, stigmatization and discrimination and reductions in household income - leading to further negative risks and outcomes for children in the intermediate term. These risks include child labour and domestic work, harmful practices (including early marriage), and early and adolescent pregnancy. Lessons from previous pandemics and epidemics suggest that the following could mitigate the child protection risks:Responding to children in vulnerable circumstances, including orphans (e.g. throughpsychosocial interventions focused on improving mental health and community-based interventions that provide families with resources and access to services)Responding to stigmatization and discrimination (e.g. throughinformation and communication campaigns and support from public health systems, communities and schools)Investing in social protectionenable livelihoods during outbreaks and to counteract shocksPromoting access to health, protective and justice services, which may be restricted or suspending during infectious disease outbreaksEnsuring continued access to education, particularly for girls, who may be adversely affectedThere is a high burden of proof for data collection during the current COVID-19 outbreak than there would be in normal circumstances. Evidence generation strategies during and after the COVID-19 crisis should consider rigorous retrospective reviews and building upon monitoring, evidence and learning functions of pre-existing programmes – particularly where there is ongoing longitudinal data collection. There should also be efforts to synthesize evidence from existing research on the effectiveness of interventions that respond to the key risk pathways identified in this review. The full report can be found here.Access the Evidence Gap Map on child protection and violence outcomes here.Access the study protocol here. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 6 | Tags: child labour, child protection, COVID-19, COVID-19 response, HIV and AIDS, mental health, outbreak preparedness, pandemic, public policy, school dropouts × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Shivit Bakrania; Ramya Subrahmanian 2020 Research Brief: Impacts of Pandemics and Epidemics on Child Protection: Lessons learned from a rapid review in the context of COVID-19. , pp. 6.
Innocenti Working Papers Cash Transfers, Public Works and Child Activities: Mixed Methods Evidence from the United Republic of Tanzania AUTHOR(S) Jacobus de Hoop; Margaret W. Gichane; Valeria Groppo; Stephanie Simmons Zuilkowski Published: 2020 Innocenti Working Papers This paper examines the impact of the United Republic of Tanzania’s Productive Social Safety Net (PSSN) on child work and education. Targeting extremely poor households, the programme provides cash transfers that are partly conditional on the use of health and education services, along with a public works component. We relied on a cluster-randomized evaluation design, assigning villages to one of three study arms: cash transfers only; cash transfers combined with public works (i.e., the joint programme); and control. We complemented the quantitative analysis with findings from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with children and caregivers, involving a subsample of participants from all three study arms. Due to household investment of PSSN benefits in livestock, the programme caused a shift from work for pay outside the household to work within the household,mostly in livestock herding. The programme improved child education outcomes. These findings were echoed in the qualitative data – participants referred to working on family farms as being both safer for children and more beneficial for the family. Participants further discussed the importance of PSSN funds in paying for schooling costs. Impacts were generally no different for communities that received cash only and communities that received both cash and public works components. School dropout, however, decreased in villages where the joint programme was implemented but remained unchanged in villages receiving cash only. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 48 | Thematic area: Child Work and Labour | Tags: cash transfers, child education, child labour × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Jacobus de Hoop; Margaret W. Gichane; Valeria Groppo; Stephanie Simmons Zuilkowski 2020 Cash Transfers, Public Works and Child Activities: Mixed Methods Evidence from the United Republic of Tanzania. , pp. 48.
Miscellanea For every child answers: 30 years of research for children at UNICEF Innocenti Published: 2019 Miscellanea The 30 narratives in this publication showcase the range and depth of the work UNICEF Innocenti has undertaken over three decades of existence. In everything we do, our overarching objective is to seek answers to the most pressing challenges for children, and to make the Convention of the Rights of the Child a living reality for every child. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 120 | Thematic area: Convention on the Rights of the Child | Tags: cash transfers, child and maternal health, child education, child labour, ethics, indigenous children, intercountry adoption, migrant children, rights of the child × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION 2019 For every child answers: 30 years of research for children at UNICEF Innocenti. , pp. 120.
Miscellanea Resumen Innocenti de Investigación sobre la Adolescencia 11 AUTHOR(S) Emanuela Bianchera Published: 2018 Miscellanea Resumen trimestral que destaca las noticias y recursos más significativos de la investigación sobre el bienestar de los adolescentes durante los tres últimos meses. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 12 | Thematic area: Adolescents | Tags: adolescent health, adolescents, child disabilities, child labour, violence against children × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Emanuela Bianchera 2018 Resumen Innocenti de Investigación sobre la Adolescencia 11. , pp. 12.
Miscellanea Recueil Innocenti de Recherches sur l’Adolescence Published: 2018 Miscellanea Synthèse trimestrielle présentant les ressources et les nouvelles les plus importantes parues au cours des trois derniers mois dans le domaine de la recherche sur le bien-être des adolescents. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 7 | Thematic area: Adolescents | Tags: adolescent health, adolescents, child disabilities, child labour, violence against children × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION 2018 Recueil Innocenti de Recherches sur l’Adolescence. , pp. 7.