Innocenti Working Papers Causal impacts of government social expenditure on infant mortality in Latin America and the Caribbean: New evidence from 1990–2017 data AUTHOR(S) Alessandro Carraro Published: 2021 Innocenti Working Papers Does governments’ social spending reduce infant mortality? If so, what are the causal mechanisms behind this effect? Using evidence from 19 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (1990 to 2017), this paper examines various influences – including decreased income inequality and dependence on natural resources – to determine if and how increased public expenditure in the social sector is causally linked with reduced infant mortality. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 44 | Thematic area: Social protection | Tags: caribbean, income distribution, infant mortality, infant mortality rate, latin america, natural resources, social expenditure × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Alessandro Carraro 2021 Causal impacts of government social expenditure on infant mortality in Latin America and the Caribbean: New evidence from 1990–2017 data. , pp. 44.
Innocenti Working Papers Early-life Exposure to Income Inequality and Adolescent Health and Well-being: Evidence from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Study AUTHOR(S) Frank J. Elgar; Candace Currie Published: 2016 Innocenti Working Papers Children and adolescents living in relative poverty – regardless of overall material conditions – tend to experience more interpersonal violence, family turmoil, and environmental hazards that increase risk of injury, engage in more health compromising behaviours (e.g., physical inactivity, poor nutrition, smoking), report lower subjective well-being, and exhibit more social skills deficits and emotional and behavioural problems. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 32 | Thematic area: Adolescents, Child Poverty, Health, Industrialized Countries, Social determinants | Tags: adolescents, children, health, health conditions, income distribution × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Frank J. Elgar; Candace Currie 2016 Early-life Exposure to Income Inequality and Adolescent Health and Well-being: Evidence from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Study. , pp. 32.
Innocenti Working Papers Children in the Bottom of Income Distribution in Europe: Risks and composition AUTHOR(S) Emilia Toczydlowska Published: 2016 Innocenti Working Papers In the context of increasing child poverty, deprivation rates and the relative child income gap, and with the most economically vulnerable children hit extensively by the crisis (Chzhen 2014), this paper sets out to understand who are the most disadvantaged children. Analysis of the composition of the children at the bottom end of the income distribution illustrates that households with a lone parent, at least one migrant member, low work intensity, low education, or in large families are overrepresented in the first decile to different degrees in European countries. The analyses also reveal immense differences in living standards for children across Europe. In European countries included in the analyses, at least 1 in 5 children in the poorest decile lives in a deprived household. A closer look at the different dimensions of deprivation at the child-specific level, reveals what living in the poorest decile means for children’s everyday life. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 28 | Thematic area: Adolescents, Child Poverty | Tags: child poverty, europe, income distribution, income household × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Emilia Toczydlowska 2016 Children in the Bottom of Income Distribution in Europe: Risks and composition. , pp. 28.
Innocenti Working Papers Child Poverty Dynamics and Income Mobility in Europe AUTHOR(S) Yekaterina Chzhen; Emilia Toczydlowska; Sudhanshu Handa Published: 2016 Innocenti Working Papers While a long-standing literature analyses cross-country variation in the incidence of child poverty in rich countries in a single year, less is known about children’s individual movements into and out of low household income over a period of time. Using longitudinal data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), the present study addresses this gap by analysing both income mobility and child poverty dynamics in the EU during the recent economic crisis. It finds that income growth among children has been generally pro-poor but not sufficiently so to put a brake on the increasing income inequality. There is substantial heterogeneity among the EU-SILC countries in the rates of child poverty entry and exit. Scandinavian countries tend to combine lower exit and entry rates, while Southern and Eastern European countries tend to have higher rates of both poverty exit and entry. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 34 | Thematic area: Child Poverty | Tags: child poverty, household surveys, income distribution × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Yekaterina Chzhen; Emilia Toczydlowska; Sudhanshu Handa 2016 Child Poverty Dynamics and Income Mobility in Europe. , pp. 34.
Innocenti Working Papers Income Inequality among Children in Europe 2008–2013 AUTHOR(S) Emilia Toczydlowska; Yekaterina Chzhen; Zlata Bruckauf; Sudhanshu Handa Published: 2016 Innocenti Working Papers With income inequality increasing and children exposed to higher risks of poverty and material deprivation than the population as a whole in the majority of European countries, there is a concern that income inequality among children has worsened over the financial crisis. This paper presents results on the levels of bottom-end inequality in children’s incomes in 31 European countries in 2013 and traces the evolution of this measure since 2008. The relative income gap worsened in 20 of the 31 European countries between 2008 and 2013. Social transfers play a positive role in reducing income differentials, as post-transfer income gaps are smaller than those before transfers, especially in countries like Ireland and the United Kingdom. Countries with greater bottom-end income inequality among children have lower levels of child well-being, and higher levels of child poverty and material deprivation. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 40 | Thematic area: Child Poverty, Equity | Tags: child poverty, child well-being, income distribution, income groups × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Emilia Toczydlowska; Yekaterina Chzhen; Zlata Bruckauf; Sudhanshu Handa 2016 Income Inequality among Children in Europe 2008–2013. , pp. 40.
Innocenti Working Papers Child Poverty Dynamics in Seven Nations AUTHOR(S) Bruce Bradbury; Stephen P. Jenkins; John Micklewright Published: 2000 Innocenti Working Papers This paper compares child poverty dynamics cross-nationally using panel data from seven nations: the USA, Britain, Germany, Ireland, Spain, Hungary, and Russia. As well as using standard relative poverty definitions the paper examines flows into and out of the poorest fifth of the children's income distribution. Significant (but not total) uniformity in patterns of income mobility and poverty dynamics across the seven countries is found. The key exception is Russia, where the economic transition has led to a much higher degree of mobility. Interestingly, the USA which has the highest level of relative poverty among the rich nations, has a mobility rate which, if anything, is less than that of the other nations. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 48 | Thematic area: Child Poverty | Tags: child poverty, comparative analysis, income distribution, industrialized countries | Publisher: UNICEF IRC × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Bruce Bradbury; Stephen P. Jenkins; John Micklewright 2000 Child Poverty Dynamics in Seven Nations. , pp. 48.
Innocenti Occasional Papers, Economic Policy Series Income Distribution, Economic Systems and Transition AUTHOR(S) John Flemming; John Micklewright Published: 1999 Innocenti Occasional Papers, Economic Policy Series The differences in income distribution between market and planned economies are considered in two ways. First, using benchmarks from the OECD area, evidence from the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union during the socialist period is reviewed. Second, the authors consider the transitions currently being made by the latter countries. Three factors are then considered: (i) the distribution of earnings of full-time employees, (ii) the distribution of individuals’ per capita household incomes, and (iii) the ways in which non-wage benefits from work, price subsidies and social incomes in kind change the picture. For the socialist period long series of data, often covering several decades, are available and thus changes in distribution under the socialist system can be tracked and diversity between the countries shown. For the period of transition, the series of data are inevitably shorter, however, it is possible to avoid basing conclusions on evidence drawn from single years. During transition, as under socialism, the picture is varied. Russia has experienced very sharp increases in measured inequality to well above the top of the OECD range. The Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland have seen more modest rises. However, a satisfactory analytic framework encompassing enough features of the transition to help interpretation of the data is lacking. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 100 | Thematic area: Countries in Transition | Tags: comparative analysis, economic transition, income distribution | Publisher: UNICEF ICDC, Florence × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION John Flemming; John Micklewright 1999 Income Distribution, Economic Systems and Transition. , pp. 100.
Innocenti Occasional Papers, Economic Policy Series Income Inequality and Mobility in Hungary 1992-96 AUTHOR(S) Peter Galasi Published: 1998 Innocenti Occasional Papers, Economic Policy Series The first half of the 1990s brought major changes to Hungary. The positive sides of the transformation in the Hungarian economy and society were accompanied by less welcome aspects - a sharp fall in GDP, double-digit unemployment and falling real incomes. How have children fared in these circumstances? This paper considers the changing position of children in the Hungarian income distribution, comparing it to that of the elderly - another potentially vulnerable group whose incomes, like those of households with children, are a concern for policymakers. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 34 | Thematic area: Countries in Transition | Tags: child welfare, economic transition, income distribution, vulnerable groups | Publisher: UNICEF ICDC, Florence × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Peter Galasi 1998 Income Inequality and Mobility in Hungary 1992-96. , pp. 34.
Innocenti Occasional Papers, Economic Policy Series Accounting for the Family: The treatment of marriage and children in European income tax systems AUTHOR(S) Cathal O’Donoghue; Holly Sutherland Published: 1998 Innocenti Occasional Papers, Economic Policy Series In some countries family status has little or no impact on the amount of tax that an individual pays. In others the income tax system plays a major role in the redistribution of income among families of different types. This paper examines the treatment of the family in European tax systems. It surveys the various instruments which are used to take account of marriage and the presence of children and describes the current systems in the 15 European Union countries. Tax systems are expected to achieve many things, and the paper discusses the tradeoffs involved in attempting to reconcile conflicting aims, with a particular focus on the impact of the various approaches on the welfare of children. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 54 | Thematic area: Industrialized Countries | Tags: family income, income distribution, income redistribution, tax systems | Publisher: UNICEF ICDC, Florence × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Cathal O’Donoghue; Holly Sutherland 1998 Accounting for the Family: The treatment of marriage and children in European income tax systems. , pp. 54.
Innocenti Occasional Papers, Economic Policy Series Income Distribution, Poverty and Welfare in Transitional Economies: A comparison between Eastern Europe and China AUTHOR(S) Giovanni Andrea Cornia Published: 1994 Innocenti Occasional Papers, Economic Policy Series + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 48 | Thematic area: Countries in Transition | Tags: economic transition, income distribution, poverty, welfare economics | Publisher: UNICEF ICDC, Florence × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Giovanni Andrea Cornia 1994 Income Distribution, Poverty and Welfare in Transitional Economies: A comparison between Eastern Europe and China. , pp. 48.
Innocenti Occasional Papers, Economic Policy Series Growth, Income Distribution and Household Welfare in the Industrialized Countries since the First Oil Shock AUTHOR(S) Andrea Boltho Published: 1992 Innocenti Occasional Papers, Economic Policy Series + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 44 | Thematic area: Industrialized Countries | Tags: family income, family welfare, income distribution, industrialized countries | Publisher: UNICEF ICDC, Florence × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Andrea Boltho 1992 Growth, Income Distribution and Household Welfare in the Industrialized Countries since the First Oil Shock. , pp. 44.