Child Welfare and the Socialist Experiment: Social and economic trends in the USSR 1960-90
Innocenti Occasional Papers, Economic Policy Series Innocenti Occasional Papers, Economic Policy Series

Child Welfare and the Socialist Experiment: Social and economic trends in the USSR 1960-90

AUTHOR(S)
Alexander Riazantsev; Sandor Sipos; Oleg Labetsky

Published: 1992 Innocenti Occasional Papers, Economic Policy Series
Cite this publication | No. of pages: 58 | Thematic area: Countries in Transition | Tags: child welfare, economic transition, socialism | Publisher: UNICEF ICDC, Florence
Children in the Welfare State: Current problems and prospects in Sweden
Innocenti Occasional Papers, Economic Policy Series Innocenti Occasional Papers, Economic Policy Series

Children in the Welfare State: Current problems and prospects in Sweden

AUTHOR(S)
Sven E. Olsson; Roland Spånt

Published: 1992 Innocenti Occasional Papers, Economic Policy Series
Cite this publication | No. of pages: 68 | Thematic area: Industrialized Countries | Tags: child welfare, industrialized countries, national policies | Publisher: UNICEF ICDC, Florence
Italy: Too little time and space for childhood
Innocenti Studies Innocenti Studies

Italy: Too little time and space for childhood

AUTHOR(S)
Ray Lorenzo

Published: 1992 Innocenti Studies
The Urban Child project launched studies in the Philippines, Brazil, India and Kenya. Italy constituted a special challenge because it introduced to the project a North-South dimension. Owing to the rapid industrialization and economic growth of the period 1950-1980, Italian children have certainly fared better. However, severe forms of disaffection and problems among Italian youth have also emerged.
Cite this publication | No. of pages: 44 | Thematic area: Urban Child | Tags: child-friendly cities, right to adequate standard of living, standard of living, urban children | Publisher: UNICEF ICDC, Florence
India: The forgotten children of the cities
Innocenti Studies Innocenti Studies

India: The forgotten children of the cities

AUTHOR(S)
Amrita Chatterjee

Published: 1992 Innocenti Studies
In India, as in other countries, the rise in the number of street and working children is associated with the phenomenon of rapid urban growth, especially of sprawling slums and shanty towns. The predicament of the urban child "in difficult circumstances" is inextricable from these conditions of urban poverty in which he and she is brought up. The first point of any enquiry into childhood in India's slums and squatter settlements, therefore, has to be the entire living context of poor urban children: physical, environmental, socio-economic, and familial. Unless the child's family is made the target of understanding and improvement, there is not likely to be sustained amelioration of the children's current plight or future prospects.
Cite this publication | No. of pages: 48 | Thematic area: Urban Child | Tags: abandoned children, children in especially difficult circumstances, street children, urban children | Publisher: UNICEF ICDC, Florence
Kenya: Child newcomers in the urban jungle
Innocenti Studies Innocenti Studies

Kenya: Child newcomers in the urban jungle

AUTHOR(S)
Dorothy Munyakho

Published: 1992 Innocenti Studies
In order to establish fully the connection between urban children in especially difficult circumstances and the problems their families are encountering, it is also necessary to address the effects of social change on families and individuals. This ranges from understanding the deterioration of family ties in different environments, to identifying changes in expectations, personal roles and atttitudes familiar in many countries. The 'Urban Child' project, furthermore, while not strictly undertaking a comparative analysis, has sought to identify and highlight common problems such as overcrowding, pollution, the growing presence of drugs and AIDS, urban violence, internal and external migration, and the lack of a sense of belonging.
Cite this publication | No. of pages: 48 | Thematic area: Urban Child | Tags: right to adequate standard of living, standard of living, street children, urban children | Publisher: UNICEF ICDC, Florence
The Urban Child in the Third World: Urbanization trends and some principal issues
Innocenti Occasional Papers, Urban Child Series Innocenti Occasional Papers, Urban Child Series

The Urban Child in the Third World: Urbanization trends and some principal issues

AUTHOR(S)
Jorge E. Hardoy

Published: 1992 Innocenti Occasional Papers, Urban Child Series
Cite this publication | No. of pages: 68 | Thematic area: Urban Child | Tags: child poverty, urban children, urbanization | Publisher: UNICEF ICDC, Florence
Childhood and Urban Poverty in Brazil: Street and working children and their families
Innocenti Occasional Papers, Urban Child Series Innocenti Occasional Papers, Urban Child Series

Childhood and Urban Poverty in Brazil: Street and working children and their families

AUTHOR(S)
Irene Rizzini; Irma Rizzini; Monica Munhoz; Lidia Galeano

Published: 1992 Innocenti Occasional Papers, Urban Child Series
Cite this publication | No. of pages: 62 | Thematic area: Urban Child | Tags: child poverty, child workers, street children, urban children | Publisher: UNICEF ICDC, Florence
Urban Children in Distress: An introduction to the issues
Innocenti Occasional Papers, Urban Child Series Innocenti Occasional Papers, Urban Child Series

Urban Children in Distress: An introduction to the issues

AUTHOR(S)
Cristina S. Blanc

Published: 1992 Innocenti Occasional Papers, Urban Child Series
Cite this publication | No. of pages: 72 | Thematic area: Urban Child | Tags: child poverty, children in especially difficult circumstances, urban children | Publisher: UNICEF ICDC, Florence
The Disadvantaged Urban Child in India
Innocenti Occasional Papers, Urban Child Series Innocenti Occasional Papers, Urban Child Series

The Disadvantaged Urban Child in India

AUTHOR(S)
A.B. Bose

Published: 1992 Innocenti Occasional Papers, Urban Child Series
The situation of disadvantaged urban children in India should be seen in the overall context of the country's growing urban population and increasing urban poverty. About 42 million people, representing 20 per cent of the total urban population, had incomes that fell below the poverty line in 1988. Of the 71 million urban children (1992) 0-14 years of age, an overwhelming 15 to 18 million live in slums. Beyond the general picture of urban children, this report provides a more detailed analysis of specific categories of at-risk children, such as working children, street children and other disadvantaged children in need of care and protection.
Cite this publication | No. of pages: 74 | Thematic area: Urban Child | Tags: child poverty, urban children | Publisher: UNICEF ICDC, Florence
Children's Participation: From tokenism to citizenship
Innocenti Essay Innocenti Essay

Children's Participation: From tokenism to citizenship

AUTHOR(S)
Roger A. Hart

Published: 1992 Innocenti Essay
A nation is democratic to the extent that its citizens are involved, particularly at the community level. The confidence and competence to be involved must be gradually acquired through practice. It is for this reason that there should be gradually increasing opportunities for children to participate in any aspiring democracy, and particularly in those nations already convinced that they are democratic. With the growth of children’s rights we are beginning to see an increasing recognition of children’s abilities to speak for themselves. Regrettably, while children’s and youths’ participation does occur in different degrees around the world, it is often exploitative or frivolous. This Essay is written for people who know that young people have something to say but who would like to reflect further on the process. It is also written for those people who have it in their power to assist children in having a voice, but who, unwittingly or not, trivialize their involvement.
Cite this publication | No. of pages: 44 | Thematic area: Children's Participation | Tags: children's participation, children's rights, right to be heard | Publisher: UNICEF ICDC, Florence
Children of Migrants and Ethnic Minorities: An overview and conceptual framework
Innocenti Occasional Papers, Urban Child Series Innocenti Occasional Papers, Urban Child Series

Children of Migrants and Ethnic Minorities: An overview and conceptual framework

AUTHOR(S)
Cristina S. Blanc; Paolo Chiozzi

Published: 1992 Innocenti Occasional Papers, Urban Child Series
Following the Second World War and particularly after the 1960s, many Western European countries experienced positive immigration. Migrations to each specific country differed in origin and were influenced by the historical ties between the sending and receiving countries, particularly in the case of migrations from ex-colonies. However, international economic conditions and political situations also caused similar migration trends across countries, in particular the "contract work" migrations of the 1960s and the new waves of immigrants from developing countries of the 1970s and 1980s.
Cite this publication | No. of pages: 76 | Thematic area: Minorities | Tags: migrant children, minority children | Publisher: UNICEF ICDC, Florence
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