Innocenti Working Papers Education, Inequality and Transition AUTHOR(S) John Micklewright Published: 2000 Innocenti Working Papers Evidence is considered on differences in access to education and in learning achievement within the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The situation inherited from the communist period is first summarized: there were some significant disparities with, for example, family background having a strong association with tertiary enrolments, as in Western countries. Analysis of the transition period focuses on the differences in access and achievement associated with household income and geographic location. Disparities are not the same across the region; in some countries, such as Russia, there are clear grounds for serious concern, but it is unlikely that any country has cause for complacency. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 44 | Thematic area: Countries in Transition | Tags: access to education, economic transition, education, equal opportunities, family income | Publisher: Innocenti Research Centre × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION John Micklewright 2000 Education, Inequality and Transition. , pp. 44.
Innocenti Working Papers Child Well-Being in the EU and Enlargement to the East AUTHOR(S) Kitty Stewart; John Micklewright Published: 2000 Innocenti Working Papers The accession of up to 13 new members in the next decade is the most important development now facing the European Union. This paper analyses measurable differences in the well-being of children between current club members, the EU Member States, and the 10 Central and Eastern European applicants seeking admission. Two themes are used as a framework for the paper. First, the importance of economic, social and cultural rights in the human rights dimension of the 'Copenhagen criteria' laid down for EU accession. Second, the need for a wider approach to measuring differences in living standards and 'economic and social cohesion' within the Union than that currently taken by the European Commission. In both cases the necessity for considering the position of children is emphasised. The empirical sections of the paper then consider in turn three dimensions of well-being of European children in Member States and the applicant countries: their economic welfare, their health, and their education. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 32 | Thematic area: Industrialized Countries | Tags: child education, child health, child welfare, comparative analysis, european union, human rights, standard of living, standards of care | Publisher: Innocenti Research Centre × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Kitty Stewart; John Micklewright 2000 Child Well-Being in the EU and Enlargement to the East. , pp. 32.
Innocenti Working Papers From Security to Uncertainty: The impact of economic change on child welfare in central Asia AUTHOR(S) Jane Falkingham Published: 2000 Innocenti Working Papers This paper discusses the possible pathways between macroeconomic change and child welfare and develops a typology of the risks that children may face at different stages of the lifecycle. Adopting a multi-dimensional view of child well-being, trends in both economic measures of poverty, based on incomes and expenditures, and in selected capability-based indicators are then examined. The indicators selected reflect the health and survival, education and personal development of children and their social inclusion/exclusion. Not all the news is bad but the data show that the human cost of economic transition has been high and children, far from being protected from its impact, have been amongst those who have suffered the most. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 42 | Thematic area: Countries in Transition | Tags: child education, child survival and development, child welfare, economic development, poverty reduction | Publisher: Innocenti Research Centre × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Jane Falkingham 2000 From Security to Uncertainty: The impact of economic change on child welfare in central Asia. , pp. 42.
Innocenti Working Papers How Effective is the British Government's Attempt to Reduce Child Poverty? AUTHOR(S) Holly Sutherland; David Piachaud Published: 2000 Innocenti Working Papers The Labour Government elected in 1997 in Britain made the reduction of child poverty one of its central objectives. This paper describes the specific initiatives involved in Labour’s approach and weighs them up in terms of their potential impact. After setting out the extent of the problem of child poverty, the causes are discussed and Britain's problem is set in international perspective. The impact on child poverty of policies designed to raise incomes directly is analysed using micro-simulation modelling. A major emphasis of the policy was the promotion of paid work, and the potential for poverty reduction of increasing the employment of parents is explored. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 48 | Thematic area: Industrialized Countries | Tags: child poverty, economic planning, economic policy, poverty reduction × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Holly Sutherland; David Piachaud 2000 How Effective is the British Government's Attempt to Reduce Child Poverty?. , pp. 48.
Innocenti Working Papers What is the Effect of Child Labour on Learning Achievement? Evidence from Ghana AUTHOR(S) Christopher Heady Published: 2000 Innocenti Working Papers This paper analyzes the links between child labour and poor school performance, using data gathered in Ghana in recent years. Author Christopher Heady moves away from conventional studies on child labour and education, which tend to focus on low school enrolment and attendance. He goes further, to examine the day to day impact of child labour on those in school, finding that, as well as leaving children too tired to learn, child labour robs them of their interest in learning. Children who are already contributing economically to their family income may be less interested in academic achievement, resulting in lack of motivation that affects both their learning and their future prospects. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 40 | Thematic area: Child Work and Labour | Tags: child labour, education, right to education | Publisher: Innocenti Research Centre × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Christopher Heady 2000 What is the Effect of Child Labour on Learning Achievement? Evidence from Ghana. , pp. 40.
Innocenti Working Papers Child Poverty Dynamics in Seven Nations AUTHOR(S) Bruce Bradbury; Stephen P. Jenkins; John Micklewright Published: 2000 Innocenti Working Papers This paper compares child poverty dynamics cross-nationally using panel data from seven nations: the USA, Britain, Germany, Ireland, Spain, Hungary, and Russia. As well as using standard relative poverty definitions the paper examines flows into and out of the poorest fifth of the children's income distribution. Significant (but not total) uniformity in patterns of income mobility and poverty dynamics across the seven countries is found. The key exception is Russia, where the economic transition has led to a much higher degree of mobility. Interestingly, the USA which has the highest level of relative poverty among the rich nations, has a mobility rate which, if anything, is less than that of the other nations. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 48 | Thematic area: Child Poverty | Tags: child poverty, comparative analysis, income distribution, industrialized countries | Publisher: UNICEF IRC × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Bruce Bradbury; Stephen P. Jenkins; John Micklewright 2000 Child Poverty Dynamics in Seven Nations. , pp. 48.
Innocenti Working Papers Integrating Economic and Social Policy: Good practices from high achieving countries AUTHOR(S) Santosh Mehrotra Published: 2000 Innocenti Working Papers This paper examines the successes of ten 'high-achievers' - countries with social indicators far higher than might be expected given their national wealth. Their progress in such fields as education and health offers lessons for social policy elsewhere in the developing world. Based on UNICEF-supported studies in each country, the paper shows how, in the space of fifty years, these high-achievers have made advances in health and education that took nearly 200 years in the industrialized world. It pinpoints the policies that have contributed to this success - policies that could be replicated elsewhere. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 32 | Thematic area: Economic Development | Tags: comparative analysis, economic development, educational programmes, health programmes, social development policies, social indicators | Publisher: UNICEF IRC × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Santosh Mehrotra 2000 Integrating Economic and Social Policy: Good practices from high achieving countries. , pp. 32.
Innocenti Working Papers Can Unconditional Cash Transfers Lead to Sustainable Poverty Reduction? Evidence from two government-led programmes in Zambia AUTHOR(S) Sudhanshu Handa; Luisa Natali; David Seidenfeld; Gelson Tembo; Benjamin Davis Published: Innocenti Working Papers In sub-Saharan Africa, the poorest region in the world, the number of cash transfer programmes has doubled in the last five years and reaches close to 50 million people. What is the impact of these programmes, and do they offer a sustained pathway out of ultra-poverty? In this paper we examine these questions using experimental data from two unconditional cash transfer programmes implemented by the Government of Zambia. We find far-reaching effects of these two programmes, not just on their primary objective, food security and consumption, but also on a range of productive and economic outcomes. After three years, we observe that household spending is 59 per cent larger than the value of the transfer received, implying a sizeable multiplier effect. These multipliers work through increased non-farm business activity and agricultural production. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 58 | Thematic area: Child Poverty, Child well-being, Social Policies | Tags: cash transfers, poverty reduction, production increase × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Sudhanshu Handa; Luisa Natali; David Seidenfeld; Gelson Tembo; Benjamin Davis Can Unconditional Cash Transfers Lead to Sustainable Poverty Reduction? Evidence from two government-led programmes in Zambia. , pp. 58.