Innocenti Discussion Papers One in Three: Internet Governance and Children’s Rights AUTHOR(S) Sonia Livingstone; Jasmina Byrne; John Carr Published: 2016 Innocenti Discussion Papers Typically, in the discussions around the use of the Internet, children are acknowledged only in the context of child protection while their rights to provision and participation are overlooked. This paper specifically argues against an age-generic (or ‘age-blind’) approach to ‘users’, because children have specific needs and rights that are not met by governance regimes designed for ‘everyone’. Policy and governance should now ensure children’s rights to access and use digital media and consider how the deployment of the Internet by wider society can enhance children’s rights across the board. The paper ends with six conclusions and recommendations about how to embed recognition of children’s rights in the activities and policies of international Internet governance institutions. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 37 | Thematic area: Child Protection, Governance | Tags: child protection, children's rights, governance, internet × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Sonia Livingstone; Jasmina Byrne; John Carr 2016 One in Three: Internet Governance and Children’s Rights. , pp. 37.
Innocenti Discussion Papers Parenting, Family Care and Adolescence in East and Southern Africa: An evidence-focused literature review AUTHOR(S) Rachel Bray; Andrew Dawes Published: 2016 Innocenti Discussion Papers Based on an evidence-focused literature review, this paper examines existing knowledge on raising adolescents in east and southern African countries, including Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Country selection was based on the availability of relevant literature and data. The vast majority of studies on parenting and adolescent development is based on research from the global north. This research sought to deepen understandings of family life, care practices and support networks in the east and southern African region so as to inform policy and interventions that seek to improve adolescent-family relations and reduce risk behaviours. An evidence-informed model for understanding the ecology of adolescent-parent relationships in the cultural and economic contexts of the region is provided. In addition, a framework for exploring contextually-relevant dimensions of parenting through research and practice is offered. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 84 | Thematic area: Adolescents, Social Policies | Tags: adolescent health, adolescents, family environment, gender issues, HIV and AIDS, parent-child relationship, risk × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Rachel Bray; Andrew Dawes 2016 Parenting, Family Care and Adolescence in East and Southern Africa: An evidence-focused literature review. , pp. 84.
Innocenti Discussion Papers Experiences of Peer Bullying among Adolescents and Associated Effects on Young Adult Outcomes: Longitudinal Evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Viet Nam AUTHOR(S) Kirrily Pells; Maria José Ogando Portela; Patricia Espinoza Revollo Published: 2016 Innocenti Discussion Papers Being bullied has been found to have a significant impact on children’s physical and mental health, psychosocial well-being and educational performance, with lasting effects into adulthood on health, well-being and lifetime earnings. Little is known about bullying in low- and middle-income countries, however. This study uses a mixed methods approach combining survey analysis of the predictors and associations with being bullied, with qualitative data to explore the context in which bullying occurs and the social processes that underpin it. Findings show that better data collection and increased resource allocation to bullying prevention are needed. The development and evaluation of different types of effective, sustainable and scalable bullying prevention models in low- and middle-income country contexts are priorities for programming and research. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 60 | Thematic area: Child Protection, Social Policies | Tags: education, ethnicity, gender based violence, mental health, physical abuse × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Kirrily Pells; Maria José Ogando Portela; Patricia Espinoza Revollo 2016 Experiences of Peer Bullying among Adolescents and Associated Effects on Young Adult Outcomes: Longitudinal Evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Viet Nam. , pp. 60.
Innocenti Discussion Papers How Inequalities Develop through Childhood: Life course evidence from the Young Lives cohort study AUTHOR(S) Paul Dornan; Martin Woodhead Published: 2015 Innocenti Discussion Papers This paper contributes longitudinal research evidence on these issues, notably: the impact of structural inequalities on children’s development within households and communities; the ways access to health, education and other key services may reduce or amplify inequalities; and especially evidence on the ways that children’s developmental trajectories diverge from early in life, through to early adulthood. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 60 | Thematic area: Child Poverty, Early Childhood, Equity, Social determinants | Tags: development, early childhood development, inequity, methodology, poverty, research methods × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Paul Dornan; Martin Woodhead 2015 How Inequalities Develop through Childhood: Life course evidence from the Young Lives cohort study. , pp. 60.
Innocenti Discussion Papers Corporal Punishment in Schools - Longitudinal Evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Viet Nam AUTHOR(S) Maria José Ogando Portela; Kirrily Pells Published: 2015 Innocenti Discussion Papers Globally the use of corporal punishment in schools is increasingly prohibited in law, yet in many contexts its use continues, even where outlawed. Proponents argue that it is an effective and non-harmful means of instilling discipline, respect and obedience into children, while others point to a series of detrimental effects, including poor academic performance, low class participation, school dropout and declining psychosocial well-being. Establishing whether corporal punishment has lasting effects on children’s cognitive development and psychosocial well-being has been hampered by a lack of longitudinal data, especially from Low- and Middle-Income Countries. + - Cite this publication × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Maria José Ogando Portela; Kirrily Pells 2015 Corporal Punishment in Schools - Longitudinal Evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Viet Nam.
Innocenti Discussion Papers Approaches towards Inequality and Inequity: Concepts, measures and policies AUTHOR(S) Frances Stewart Published: 2013 Innocenti Discussion Papers The paper discusses what a fair, or equitable, distribution is, drawing on some contributions of Western philosophers and economists. After reviewing different approaches, it argues that inequality among groups is particularly unjust. The paper argues for a plural perspective on the space in which inequality is assessed, following Sen’s capability approach. It is argued that the assessment should relate to functionings (or outcomes) rather than capabilities (or possibilities), especially for children whose choices are severely constrained. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 50 | Thematic area: Rights of the Child, Social Policies | Tags: human rights, indicators, poverty × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Frances Stewart 2013 Approaches towards Inequality and Inequity: Concepts, measures and policies. , pp. 50.
Innocenti Discussion Papers Tackling Structural and Social Issues to Reduce Inequities in Children’s Outcomes in Low- to Middle-income Countries AUTHOR(S) Michael Marmot; Ruth Bell; Angela Donkin Published: 2013 Innocenti Discussion Papers Tackling inequities in children’s outcomes matters both from a moral perspective, and because of persuasive social and economic arguments. Reducing inequity in children’s outcomes requires tackling structural and social issues. The paper provides evidence about how social, economic and environmental conditions shape inequities in children’s outcomes. Building on insights generated through studies on the social determinants of health, the paper provides a framework to inform research and policy to reduce inequities in children’s outcomes, with a specific focus on low- and middle-income countries. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 52 | Thematic area: Rights of the Child, Social Policies | Tags: development, social development policies, social groups, structural adjustment × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Michael Marmot; Ruth Bell; Angela Donkin 2013 Tackling Structural and Social Issues to Reduce Inequities in Children’s Outcomes in Low- to Middle-income Countries. , pp. 52.
Innocenti Discussion Papers Assessing 'The Code of Conduct' for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation in Travel and Tourism Published: 2012 Innocenti Discussion Papers Sexual exploitation and abuse of children remains a worldwide problem. Despite a variety of national and international laws, including the introduction of extra-territorial legislation, there are still men and women who sexually abuse children at home and abroad. When tourism facilities are used by those who exploit children, the facility owners and managers are indirectly and unintentionally benefiting from these crimes. This has led to increasing recognition of the potential role of the travel and tourism sector in addressing this problem. The findings of this research are presented in two parts, covering four main themes. These are the effectiveness of The Code, and the strengths, weaknesses, lessons and gaps, which covers: i) the institutional arrangements for The Code; ii) membership of The Code; and iii) the implementation of the six Code criteria. Within the final category, special attention is paid to the reporting and monitoring of Code implementation. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 50 | Thematic area: Child Protection, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Rights of the Child, Social Policies | Tags: codes, participatory impact assessment, sex tourism, sexual abuse, sexual exploitation, tourism × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION 2012 Assessing 'The Code of Conduct' for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation in Travel and Tourism. , pp. 50.
Innocenti Discussion Papers The Place of Sport in the UN Study on Violence against Children AUTHOR(S) Celia Brackenridge; Kari Fasting; Sandra Kirby; Trisha Leahy; Sylvie Parent; Trond Svela Sand Published: 2010 Innocenti Discussion Papers This paper presents a secondary analysis of supporting documents from the UN Study on Violence against Children. The purpose of the analysis is to identify sport-related material in the documents, and gaps in research knowledge about the role of sport in both preventing and facilitating violence against children. This is a complementary document to the IRC study ‘Protecting Children from Violence in Sport: A review with a focus on industrialized countries’, developed by the same research team. Content analysis was undertaken on material archived for the UN Study, including submissions by UN agencies and non-governmental organizations on research relating to violence against children, and on the country surveys that had been returned by governments as part of the UN Study consultation. A list of search terms was established and each selected text or survey was searched against them. On the basis of these analyses, several key conclusions emerged. First, there is a marked absence of empirical data about the forms, prevalence and incidence of violence to children in sport and about the best mechanisms for preventing or resolving such problems. Second, there is a lack of coordination between governments and sport NGOs on the subject of violence against children in sport, and there appears to be no evidence of a functional link between the agencies responsible for sport for development and those responsible for prevention of violence to children. The findings point to the need to do more, targeted research on violence against children in sport and to assess the efficacy of sport as a tool of violence prevention. Since countries approach the matter of violence to children in many different ways, the establishment of international standards for safeguarding children and for violence prevention in sport is recommended. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 13 | Thematic area: Child Protection | Tags: child abuse, children's rights, sport, violence × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Celia Brackenridge; Kari Fasting; Sandra Kirby; Trisha Leahy; Sylvie Parent; Trond Svela Sand 2010 The Place of Sport in the UN Study on Violence against Children. , pp. 13.
Innocenti Discussion Papers Good Governance of Early Childhood Development Programmes in Developing Countries: The need for a comprehensive monitoring system AUTHOR(S) Marco Kools; Virginia E. Vitiello Published: 2010 Innocenti Discussion Papers There is need for a holistic, comprehensive ECD monitoring system that covers the multiple facets (i.e. education, health, social protection and the social and economical context in which the child is born) of public and private ECD interventions in a country. Such a system is essential for ensuring that all children can reap the benefits of ECD. It serves as a means of support and oversight for monitoring the performance and planning of ECD policies and programmes in developing countries. The paper highlights the importance of comprehensive ECD monitoring for making evidence-based decisions, and discusses practical issues to take into consideration when developing such a system. One of the first steps is deciding what to monitor through the selection of a limited number of valid and measurable indicators that are aligned to policy and programme goals. In this respect the capacity of the government system should be thoroughly assessed, including 1) the identification and evaluation of existing administrative and other data sources; 2) a training needs analysis of the administrators who will operate the monitoring system to allow for strengthening their skills and prepare them for their future duties; and 3) consideration of the long-term costs of operating a monitoring system in relation to the (projected) available funds, in order to ensure the sustainability of the system. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 16 | Thematic area: Early Childhood | Tags: early childhood, early childhood development, early childhood education, educational systems, monitoring × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Marco Kools; Virginia E. Vitiello 2010 Good Governance of Early Childhood Development Programmes in Developing Countries: The need for a comprehensive monitoring system. , pp. 16.
Innocenti Discussion Papers Routine Data Collection and Monitoring of Health Services Relating to Early Childhood Development: A two-nation review study Published: 2009 Innocenti Discussion Papers Monitoring of health services can serve two major functions: providing information for performance management as well as for evidence-based policy-making. The means by which monitoring is carried out and the balance that is struck between these functions vary according to the situation of different countries. This paper reviews monitoring processes and the availability of data relating to early childhood development in the cases of Germany and the United Kingdom. The discussion centres on pre-requisites for successful routine data collection: a national framework, a national database and making data available publicly. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 12 | Thematic area: Early Childhood, Health | Tags: data collection, early childhood, health services, monitoring × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION 2009 Routine Data Collection and Monitoring of Health Services Relating to Early Childhood Development: A two-nation review study. , pp. 12.
Innocenti Discussion Papers Child Migrants with and without Parents: Census-based estimates of scale and characteristics in Argentina, Chile and South Africa AUTHOR(S) Shahin Yaqub Published: 2009 Innocenti Discussion Papers This paper studies child migration in Argentina, Chile and South Africa. It defines child migrants as under 18 year olds whose usual residence was in a different country or province five years prior to census. The paper estimates the scale of child migration; compares relative magnitudes of internal and international migration; and considers sensitivity to alternative definitions of migration. Second, it examines family structures within which migrant children live at destinations, defining children who are co-resident with adult parents and siblings as dependent, and those outside of these close family members, as independent. Third, the internal/international and in/dependent distinctions are analysed jointly to describe some social-economic characteristics of the four sub-groups of migrant children. + - Cite this publication | No. of pages: 19 | Thematic area: Child Protection, Migration | Tags: migrant children, migrant families, migration, unaccompanied children × COPY BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Shahin Yaqub 2009 Child Migrants with and without Parents: Census-based estimates of scale and characteristics in Argentina, Chile and South Africa. , pp. 19.